Fig. 4.

Upregulation of VEFG-C expression increased lymphatic vasculature confluency and conferred protection against GBM in a draining lymph node-dependent manner. A The dura of mice 6–8 weeks after injection of AAV carrying a control (CTRL) or VEGF-C gene into the CSF; LYVE1 was stained to visualize lymphatic vasculature. B Mice injected with AAV-VEGF-C showed remodeling of lymphatic vasculature and significantly increased confluence compared to the AAV-CTRL group (n $\ge$ 7; ***P = 0.0007). C Mice injected with AAV-VEGF-C 2 months prior to intracranial implantation of GL261 murine brain cancer cells exhibited significantly prolonged survival (n $\ge$ 4; ***P = 0.0004). D Ligation of the deep cervical lymph nodes 1 week prior to tumor inoculation abrogated anti-tumor effects of AAV-VEGF-C injection (n $\ge$ 4; **P = 0.007; ***P < 0.0001). Reproduced with permission from Song et al. [106]