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. 2021 Feb 22;78(9):4335–4364. doi: 10.1007/s00018-021-03788-9

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — SYT4 controls retrograde signaling at Drosophila NMJs. a Drosophila NMJs display a robust form of activity-dependent presynaptic plasticity mediated by increased spontaneous release after high frequency stimulation (HFS). Optical imaging of spontaneous SV releases rates are shown before and after stimulation. Note the different y-axis scale on the post-stimulation map. b The enhanced spontaneous release observed at control NMJs after stimulation is abolished in Syt4 mutants. Arrows denote the timing of HFS to the motor axon. c Screen for muscle RNAi knockdown of loci that disrupt postsynaptic membrane expression of a SYT4-pHlourin (SYT4-pH) construct. Control SYT4-pH localization to the postsynaptic membrane is shown on the left. Syx4‐RNAi reduces membrane SYT4-pH and causes a redistribution of the protein to cytoplasmic puncta within the muscle (right). The motoneuron is stained with anti-HRP (red). a Modified from [95], b modified from [104], and c modified from [105]