Table 4.
Univariate Analysis of Factors Associated with Localized Pain at the Epidural Insertion Site
| Risk Factor | Number of Patients (n) | Incidence (%) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | Male | 3560 | 8.7 | 0.16 |
| Female | 1523 | 9.9 | ||
| Age | <50 | 2068 | 11.3 | <0.001 |
| ≥50 | 3015 | 7.5 | ||
| BMI | <25 | 3862 | 9 | 0.954 |
| ≥25 | 1221 | 9.1 | ||
| ASA class | 1 | 2633 | 10.1 | 0.007 |
| 2–4 | 2450 | 7.9 | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | Yes | 164 | 6.1 | 0.18 |
| No | 4919 | 9.1 | ||
| Previous CNB history | Yes | 306 | 13.1 | 0.017 |
| No | 4777 | 8.7 | ||
| Lumbar intervertebral disk hernia | Yes | 54 | 25.9 | <0.001 |
| No | 5029 | 8.9 | ||
| Type of surgery | Orthopedic | 1043 | 11.3 | 0.002 |
| Urologic | 1883 | 9.6 | ||
| General | 1302 | 6.5 | ||
| Anorectal | 336 | 7.4 | ||
| Gynecological | 71 | 7 | ||
| Thoracic | 38 | 7.9 | ||
| Vascular | 365 | 11 | ||
| Duration of surgery | <60 | 2498 | 9.7 | 0.098 |
| ≥60 | 2585 | 8.4 | ||
| Puncture level | Lumbar | 4090 | 9.9 | <0.001 |
| Thoracic | 993 | 5.7 | ||
| Technical difficulty (more attempts at >1 interspace) | Yes | 4592 | 7.7 | <0.001 |
| No | 491 | 22 | ||
| Satisfactory block | Yes | 4821 | 8.9 | 0.242 |
| No | 262 | 11.1 | ||
| Combined general anesthesia | Yes | 618 | 6.1 | 0.007 |
| No | 4465 | 9.5 | ||
| Traumatic bleeding | Yes | 65 | 15.4 | 0.073 |
| No | 5018 | 9.0 | ||
| Accidental dural puncture | Yes | 24 | 9.3 | <0.001 |
| No | 5059 | 8.3 | ||
| Unintentional paresthesia | Yes | 160 | 16.9 | <0.001 |
| No | 4923 | 8.8 | ||
| Ropivacaine | Yes | 4817 | 8.8 | 0.016 |
| No | 266 | 13.2 | ||
| Postoperative PCEA | Yes | 873 | 4.8 | <0.001 |
| No | 4210 | 9.9 |
Abbreviations: ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; PCEA, patient-controlled epidural analgesia.