Table 2.
Baseline characteristics
| Outcome (unit) | N CG/IG |
Control group (CG) |
Intervention group (IG) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (Year), Mean (SD) | 162/165 | 51 (7.4) | 51.24 (7.4) |
| Sex, Female % | 163/164 | 81.7 | 75.76 |
| Married/ Partner % | 161/164 | 78.26 | 66.25 |
| Employed % | 161/163 | 90.68 | 83.54 |
| Sick Leave due to Back Pain Last six months, Mean (SD) | 163/163 | 17.09 (47.55) | 19.67 (49.22) |
| Severely Handicapped ID % * | 163/164 | 8 | 10 |
| Functional Ability (HFAQ) (0–100) | 163/164 | 62.28 (20.50) | 63.33 (19.95) |
| Pain Intensity (NRS) (0–100) | 159/162 | 59.99 (17.44) | 59.59 (16.06) |
| Physical Composite Scale (SF-12) (0–100) | 152/152 | 35.46 (9.03) | 36.23 (8.39) |
| Mental Composite Scale (SF-12) (0–100) | 152/152 | 40.32 (12.01) | 39.97 (11.92) |
| Depression (PHQ-D) (0–27) | 160/157 | 9.65 (4.66) | 10.01 (5.16) |
| Anxiety (Gad-7) (0–21) | 159/163 | 8.64 (4.83) | 9.29 (5.02) |
| Stress (PSS) (0–40) | 160/162 | 7.78 (3.20) | 7.83 (3.39) |
| Catastrophising (AEQ) (0–6) | 161/164 | 0.77 (1.11) | 0.92 (1.15) |
| Help−/Hopelessness (AEQ) (0–6) | 161/164 | 2.45 (1.21) | 2.52 (1.22) |
| Thought Suppression (AEQ) (0–6) | 163/163 | 3.64 (0.90) | 3.72 (0.94) |
| Anxiety/Depression (AEQ) (0–6) | 161/164 | 2.64 (1.16) | 2.77 (1.28) |
| Positive Mood (AEQ) (0–6) | 160/164 | 3.22 (1.24) | 3.68 (1.24) |
| Avoidance of Social Activities (AEQ) (0–6) | 162/163 | 1.86 (1.26) | 2.07 (1.33) |
| Avoidance of Physical Activities (AEQ) (0–6) | 163/163 | 3.31 (1.02) | 3.49 (0.98) |
| Humour/Distraction (AEQ) (0–6) | 162/163 | 3.07 (0.89) | 3.01 (1.04) |
| Pain Persistence Behaviour (AEQ) (0–6) | 160/164 | 3.68 (1.24) | 3.62 (1.34) |
| Action-oriented Coping (FESV) (4–24) | 161/ 153 | 14.80 (4.81) | 15.02 (4.75) |
| Cognitive Restructuring (FESV) (4–24) | 161/ 153 | 13.03 (4.58) | 13.47 (4.47) |
| Subjective Coping Competence (FESV) (4–24) | 161/ 153 | 15.45 (4.63) | 15.21 (4.41) |
| Mental Distraction (FESV) (4–24) | 161/ 153 | 10.58 (4.67) | 10.39 (4.94) |
| Counter Activities (FESV) (4–24) | 161/ 153 | 13.21 (4.37) | 12.39 (4.44) |
| Relaxation (FESV) (4–24) | 161/ 153 | 10.77 (4.92) | 11.17 (4.66) |
| Fear-Avoidance (TSK) (0–24) | 158/158 | 6.87 (3.26) | 7.54 (3.53) |
| Somatic focus (TSK) (0–15) | 159/160 | 6.78 (3.43) | 7.17 (3.45) |
| Basic Physical Activity (FFkA) (hours/week) | 161/163 | 2.89 (6.65) | 2.44 (4.80) |
| Physical Activity during Leisure Time (FFkA) (hours/week) | 161/164 | 3.22 (4.39) | 2.72 (3.27) |
| Sport Activity (FFkA) (hours/week) | 162/164 | 1.69 (2.74) | 1.58 (2.64) |
| Total Physical Activity (FFkA) (hours/week) | 161/163 | 7.82 (10.63) | 6.73 (7.47) |
| Cognitive Attitudinal Component (0–8) | 161/164 | 5.32 (0.77) | 5.28 (0.80) |
| Emotional Attitudinal Component (0–8) | 160/164 | 4.75 (0.81) | 4.70 (0.88) |
| Intention (1–4) | 162/164 | 3.30 (0.54) | 3.29 (0.50) |
| Self-efficacy (1–4) | 162/164 | 3.20 (0.55) | 3.19 (0.60) |
| Action Planning (1–4) | 162/162 | 2.88 (0.74) | 2.85 (0.81) |
| Risk Perception (1–5) | 161/162 | 3.23 (0.73) | 3.28 (0.76) |
| Outcome Expectancies (1–4) | 163/164 | 2.75 (0.31) | 2.74 (0.28) |
| Outcome Experiences (1–4) | 160/164 | 2.73 (0.65) | 2.74 (0.80) |
| Action Control (1–4) | 160/162 | 2.49 (0.67) | 2.54 (0.78) |
N number of participants, SD standard deviation: * = p < 0.05, ID identity card, HFAQ Hannover Functional Ability Questionnaire, NRS Numeric Rating Scale, PHQ-D Patient Health Questionnaire, GAD-7 General Anxiety Disorder 7-item Scale, PSS Perceived Stress Scale, AEQ Avoidance-Endurance Questionnaire, FESV Pain Management Questionnaire, TSK Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia, FFkA Freiburg Questionnaire on Physical Activity, SF-12 Short-Form-12