Table 1.

Risk of bias judgement by domains of bias using the ROBINS-I tool

	Confoundinga	Selection of participants	Classification of exposure	Deviations from intended exposures	Missing data	Measurement of outcomes	Selection of the reported result
Darkel, 2016 [25]	Serious	Moderate	Low	Moderate	Ni	Low	Moderate
Boyle, 2012 [22]	Critical	Serious	Serious	Serious	Moderate	Moderate	Serious
Kamada, 2017 [8]	Low	Low	Low	Moderate	Low	Low	Moderate
Keum, 2016 [23]	Low	Low	Moderate	Moderate	Low	Low	Moderate
Kraschnewski, 2016 [18]	Serious	Moderate	Low	Moderate	Low	Low	Moderate
Loprinzi, 2017 [20]	Serious	Critical	Low	Moderate	Ni	Low	Moderate
Mazzilli, 2019 [12]	Serious	Low	Low	Moderate	Moderate	Low	Moderate
Patel, 2020 [19]	Serious	Low	Low	Moderate	Moderate	Low	Moderate
Rezende, 2020 [13]	Low	Low	Low	Moderate	Low	Low	Moderate
Siahpush, 2018 [24]	Serious	Low	Low	Moderate	Ni	Low	Moderate
Stamatakis, 2018 [11]	Serious	Low	Low	Moderate	Ni	Low	Moderate
Zhao, 2020 [21]	Serious	Low	Low	Moderate	Low	Low	Moderate

^a A list of confounders considered in the assessment of risk of confounding: age, sex, smoking, adiposity, alcohol consumption, dietary factors, individual-level socioeconomic factors, and other aerobic physical activities