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. 2021 May 29;13:120. doi: 10.1186/s13148-021-01107-4

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 5 — The main CSCs signaling pathways regulation by epigenetic mechanisms. Epigenetic deregulation of CSC-related signaling pathways enables cancer cells to obtain self-renewal properties and drug resistance characteristics. Hedgehog signaling pathway can be activated by Shh promoter hypomethylation and enhance HDAC1 expression. Wnt/β-catenin signaling can be strengthened by reduced DKK1 inhibitor expression of it via promoter hypermethylation and enhanced H3K27me3 and reduced acetylation at H3K16. Notch signaling focus on genes including Hes1 and Hes5 which can be active by STRAP at their promoter region