Table 2.
Clinical outcomes of the hypertensive patients with coronavirus disease 2019 according to the use of RAAS inhibitors
| Outcomes (vs. RAAS inhibitor never-users) | RAAS inhibitors (n=1,076) |
ARB (n=1,037) |
ACEI (n=39) |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of events (%) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI)b | No. of events (%) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI)b | No. of events (%) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI)b | |||
| Primary outcomea (n=144) | 106 (9.9) | 0.75 (0.50–1.11) | 0.72 (0.46-1.10) | 99 (9.6) | 0.72 (0.49–1.08) | 0.71 (0.46–1.10) | 7 (18.0) | 1.50 (0.62–3.63) | 0.81 (0.31–2.11) | ||
| Secondary outcomes | |||||||||||
| ICU admission (n=52) | 34 (3.2) | 0.51 (0.28–0.91) | 0.44 (0.24–0.84) | 30 (2.9) | 0.46 (0.26–0.84) | 0.42 (0.22–0.81) | 4 (10.3) | 1.78 (0.57–5.55) | 0.72 (0.21–2.48) | ||
| Not requiring IMV (n=34) | 21 (2.0) | 0.35 (0.18–0.68) | 0.28 (0.14–0.58) | 19 (1.8) | 0.33 (0.17–0.65) | 0.28 (0.14–0.58) | 2 (5.1) | 0.96 (0.21–4.31) | 0.31 (0.06–1.56) | ||
| Requiring IMV (n=17) | 14 (1.3) | 1.30 (0.37–4.54) | 1.41 (0.39–5.08) | 12 (1.2) | 1.15 (0.32–4.11) | 1.30 (0.36–4.76) | 2 (5.1) | 5.32 (0.86–32.86) | 3.57 (0.52–24.71) | ||
| IMV (n=17) | 14 (1.3) | 1.30 (0.37–4.54) | 1.41 (0.39–5.08) | 12 (1.2) | 1.15 (0.31–4.11) | 1.30 (0.36–4.76) | 2 (5.1) | 5.32 (0.86–32.86) | 3.57 (0.52–24.71) | ||
| CRRT (n=0) | 0 | NA | NA | 0 | NA | NA | 0 | NA | NA | ||
| ECMO (n=1) | 1 (0.1) | NA | NA | 1 (0.1) | NA | NA | 0 | NA | NA | ||
| Death (n=106) | 82 (7.6) | 0.94 (0.59–1.51) | 1.09 (0.64–1.85) | 79 (7.6) | 0·94 (0.59–1.52) | 1.12 (0.66–1.90) | 3 (7.7) | 0.95 (0.27–3.32) | 0.62 (0.17–2.35) | ||
RAAS, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; ARB, angiotensin-receptor blocker; ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; ICU, intensive care unit; IMV, invasive mechanical ventilation; CRRT, continuous renal replacement therapy; NA, not applicable; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
The primary outcome was defined as the composite of ICU admission, IMV, CRRT, ECMO, and death from coronavirus disease 2019,
Adjusted variables included age; sex; comorbidities, including diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and chronic pulmonary disease; medications, including antihypertensive, glucose-lowering, lipid-lowering, and antithrombotic agents; and the Charlson Comorbidity Index.