Table 1:
Results from studies examining neighborhood socioeconomic status and sleep (40 articles)
| Age group | Associations by sleep outcome | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First Author/year | Design | N | 0–5 | 6–12 | 13–17 | Exposure | Dur | Tim | Qual | Var | Prob | OSA | DTS | Oth |
| Bagley 2018 [10] | CR | 210 | X | SES index | act(+) | act(+) | ||||||||
| Biggs 2013 [14]a | CR | 1845 | X | X | SES index | par(+) | par(+) | |||||||
| Brouillette 2011 [17] | CR | 436 | X | X | Individual SES variables | psg(+) | ||||||||
| Cheon 2019 [19] | CR | 350 | X | Poverty | self(+) act(0) |
act(+) self(+) |
||||||||
| Côté-Lussier 2020 [20] | CR | 504 | X | % low income, % single parent | act(0) | |||||||||
| Dollman 2007 [22]a | CR | 900 | X | X | SES index | self(×) | ||||||||
| Dollman 2017 [21]a | CR | 1246 | X | X | SES index | self(+) | ||||||||
| Elder 2020 [25]b | CR | 70 | X | % low income | act(0) | act(+) | act(0) | |||||||
| El-Sheikh 2013 [24] | CR | 276 | X | Poverty | act(+) | act(0) | act(0) | self(0) | ||||||
| Gill 2012 [28]b | CR | 823 | X | SES index | par(+) | |||||||||
| Graham 2020 [29]a | CR | 16936 | X | Individual SES variables, economic stress | par(+) par(−) |
|||||||||
| Grimes 2019 [30] | CR | 80 | X | SES index | act(+) | |||||||||
| Hardy 2017 [32]a | CR | 7555 | X | X | X | SES index | self(0) | |||||||
| levers-Landis 2008 [36]a,b | CR | 819 | X | Median income | par(+) | |||||||||
| Jones 2014 [37]b | CR | 84 | X | SES index | par(0) | |||||||||
| Koinis-Mitchell 2015 [40] | CR | 249 | X | SES index | act(×) | act(0) | ||||||||
| MacKinnon 2020 [43] | LO | 2445 | X | SES index | par(0) | par(0) | ||||||||
| Martin 2017 [45] | CR | 346 | X | SES index | act(+) | act(0) | par(0) | |||||||
| McLaughlin 2005 [49]b | CR | 3371 | X | X | Median income | par(+) | par(+) | par(+) | par(+) | |||||
| Moore 2011 [51]a | CR | 247 | X | “Distressed” SES | act(0) | act(0) | ||||||||
| Olds 2010 [53]a | CR | 4032 | X | X | SES index | self(0) | ||||||||
| Orsey 2016 [54] | CR | 50 | X | X | Median income | act(0) | ||||||||
| Pabayo 2014 [56]a | CR | 1375 | X | SES index | self(−) | |||||||||
| Patrick 2016 [59]b | CR | 191 | X | Median income | par(+) | par(+) | ||||||||
| Patte 2017 [60] | CR/LO | 36088 / 7394 | X | Median income | self(+) | |||||||||
| Rubens 2016 [66] | CR | 207 | X | X | X | SES index | clin(0) | clin(0) | clin(×) | |||||
| Saelee 2020 [69]a | LO | 12692 | X | X | SES index | self(×) | ||||||||
| Sheehan 2018 [71] | LO | 2720 | X | X | Poverty | par(+) | ||||||||
| Spilsbury 2006 [75]a | CR | 843 | X | “Distressed” SES | psg(+) | |||||||||
| Spilsbury 2015 [76]a | LO | 490 | X | X | “Distressed” SES | psg(×) | ||||||||
| Street 2018 [78]a | CR | 1614 | X | SES index | self(−) | |||||||||
| Tamanyan 2016 [79]b | CR | 301 | X | X | X | SES index | psg(0) | |||||||
| Troxel 2017 [81] | CR | 2493 | X | Poverty | self(0) | self(−) | self(0) | self(0) | ||||||
| Uebergang 2017 [82]a,b | CR | 4901 | X | X | SES index | par(0) | ||||||||
| Wang 2017 [85] | CR | 774 | X | X | “Distressed” SES | psg(+) | ||||||||
| Williamson 2019 [89]a | LO | 4517 | X | X | SES/Social/Physical index | par(0) | ||||||||
| Williamson 2020a [88] | CR | 205 | X | SES index | par(0) | par(0) | ||||||||
| Xie 2018 [90]b | CR | 158 | X | X | X | Median income | psg(0) | |||||||
| Zhang 2019 [91]a | CR | 173 | X | SES index | act(0) | act(0) | par(0) | |||||||
| Zhao 2019 [92]b | CR | 882 | X | X | SES index | par(+) | ||||||||
CR: cross-sectional; LO: longitudinal; SES: socioeconomic status; dur: sleep duration (continuous or dichotomized to reflect obtaining sufficient versus insufficient sleep duration); tim: sleep timing (bedtime, waketime, onset, offset, delay in sleep onset); qual: sleep quality (e.g. efficiency, wake after sleep onset, latency, night awakenings/wake episodes, self-reported quality); var: variability in sleep duration or timing; prob: subjectively reported sleep problems or disturbances; OSA: obstructive sleep apnea diagnosis, symptoms, snoring; DTS: daytime sleepiness, tiredness, napping; oth: other outcomes (e.g. parasomnias); par: parent/care-giver-reported; self: self-reported; act: assessed using actigraphy; clin: based on clinical assessment; psg: assessed using in-lab polysomnography or in-home overnight cardiorespiratory studies.
(+) indicates a significant positive association (better neighborhood environment associated with better sleep outcomes)
(0) indicates no association
(−) indicates a significant negative association (better neighborhood environment associated with worse sleep outcomes)
(×) indicates an interaction/association only significant in a subgroup of the study population
(+)(0) indicates findings varied based on assessment type (objective or subjective)
Study used probability-based sampling methods (e.g. random selection of households or classrooms)
Results from bivariate analysis only