Table 2:
Results from studies examining the neighborhood social environment and sleep (29 articles)
| Age group | Associations by sleep outcome | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Author/year | Design | N | 0–5 | 6–12 | 13–17 | Exposure | Dur | Tim | Qual | Var | Prob | OSA | DTS | Oth |
| Neighborhood safety/crime/community violence (21 articles) | ||||||||||||||
| Bagley 2016 [11] | CR | 252 | X | Community violence concerns | act(0) | act(×) | self(+) | self(+) | ||||||
| Bailey 2005 [12] | CR | 268 | X | Community violence exposure | self(+) | |||||||||
| Belmon 2020 [13]c | QL/CR | 45 / 33 | X | Perceived safety | self(0) par(+) |
|||||||||
| Chen 2013 [18]a | CR | 2113 | X | Perceived safety | self(+) | |||||||||
| Dowdell 2003 [23]b | CR | 54 | X | X | Perceived safety | self(+) | ||||||||
| Hawkins 2016 [33]a | CR | 196900 | X | X | Perceived safety | par(×) | ||||||||
| Heissel 2017 [34] | LO | 82 | X | X | Objective crime | act(+) | act(+) | act(+) | ||||||
| MacKinnon 2020 [43] | LO | 2445 | X | Perceived safety | par(+) | par(0) | ||||||||
| Martinez 2015 [47]c | QL/CR | 18 | X | Perceived crime | par(+) | |||||||||
| McHale 2011 [48] | CR | 469 | X | X | Perceived crime | self(0) | self(0) | self(+) | ||||||
| Meldrum 2018 [50]a | CR | 7958 | X | X | Perceived safety | self(+) | ||||||||
| Owens 2006 [55]c | QL/CR | 64 | X | X | Perceived safety | self(+) | ||||||||
| Pabayo 2014 [56]a | CR | 1375 | X | Perceived safety | self(0) | |||||||||
| Objective crime | self(−) | |||||||||||||
| Philbrook 2019 [61] | CR | 219 | X | Community violence concerns | act(×) | act(×) | ||||||||
| Rubens 2014 [63] | CR | 144 | X | Community violence exposure | self(+) | |||||||||
| Sadler 2020 [68]c | QL/CR | 25 | X | Perceived safety | par(+) | |||||||||
| Spilsbury 2016 [74]c | QL/LO | 65 | X | X | Perceived safety | self(+) | ||||||||
| Street 2018 [78]a | CR | 1614 | X | Objective crime | self(0) | |||||||||
| Troxel 2017 [81] | CR | 2493 | X | Perceived safety | self(0) | self(0) | self(0) | self(0) | ||||||
| Wamser-Nanney 2018 [84]b | CR | 276 | X | X | Community violence exposure | par(+) | ||||||||
| Williamson 2020b [87]c | QL/CR | 23 | X | Perceived safety | par(+) | |||||||||
| Neighborhood social cohesion/collective efficacy (5 articles) | ||||||||||||||
| Aguilar-Farias 2020 [9]a | CR | 148 | X | Collective efficacy | act(0) | |||||||||
| Hawkins 2016 [33]a | CR | 196900 | X | X | Social cohesion | par(+) | ||||||||
| Pabayo 2014 [56]a | CR | 1375 | X | Social cohesion | self(+) | |||||||||
| Street 2018 [78]a | CR | 1614 | X | Collective efficacy | self(0) | |||||||||
| Troxel 2017 [81] | CR | 2493 | X | Social cohesion | self(0) | self(0) | self(0) | self(+) | ||||||
| Neighborhood Disorder (4 articles) | ||||||||||||||
| Graham 2020 [29]a | CR | 16936 | X | Disorder | par(+) | |||||||||
| MacKinnon 2020 [43] | LO | 2445 | X | Disorder | par(+) | par(0) | ||||||||
| Pabayo 2014 [56]a | CR | 1375 | X | Disorder | self(0) | |||||||||
| Street 2018 [78]a | CR | 1614 | X | Disorder | self(0) | |||||||||
| Neighborhood Social Fragmentation/Disorganization (3 articles) | ||||||||||||||
| Bagley 2018 [10] | CR | 210 | X | Social fragmentation | act(0) | act(+) | ||||||||
| Pabayo 2014 [56]a | CR | 1375 | X | Social fragmentation | self(+) | |||||||||
| Saelee 2020 [69]a | LO | 12692 | X | X | Social disorganization | self(×) | ||||||||
| Neighborhood Social Environment Index (3 articles) | ||||||||||||||
| Rubens 2018 [64] | CR | 144 | X | Social environment index | self(+) | |||||||||
| Rubens 2020 [65] | CR/LO | 44 | X | X | Social environment index | self(0) | self(0) | self(0) | ||||||
| Singh 2013 [72]a | CR | 63352 | X | X | Social environment index | par(+) | ||||||||
| Williamson 2019 [89]a | LO | 4517 | X | X | SES/Social/Physical index | par(0) | ||||||||
CR: cross-sectional; LO: longitudinal; QL: qualitative, dur: sleep duration (continuous or dichotomized to reflect obtaining sufficient versus insufficient sleep duration); tim: sleep timing (bedtime, waketime, onset, offset, delay in sleep onset); qual: sleep quality (e.g. efficiency, wake after sleep onset, latency, night awakenings/wake episodes, self-reported quality); var: variability in sleep duration or timing; prob: subjectively reported sleep problems or disturbances; OSA: obstructive sleep apnea diagnosis, symptoms, snoring; DTS: daytime sleepiness, tiredness, napping; oth: other outcomes (e.g. parasomnias, qualitative assessment of sleep barriers); par: parent/care-giver -reported; self: self-reported; act: assessed using actigraphy; clin: based on clinical assessment; psg: assessed using in-lab polysomnography or in-home overnight cardiorespiratory studies.
(+) indicates a significant positive association (better neighborhood environment associated with better sleep outcomes)
(0) indicates no association
(−) indicates a significant negative association (better neighborhood environment associated with worse sleep outcomes)
(×) indicates an interaction/association only significant in a subgroup of the study population
(+)(0) indicates findings varied based on assessment type (objective or subjective)
Study used probability-based sampling methods (e.g. random selection of households or classrooms)
Results from bivariate analysis only
Qualitative study assessing perceived barriers and/or facilitators of child sleep