Table 3:
Results from studies examining the neighborhood physical environment and sleep (32 articles)
| Age group | Associations by sleep outcome | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Author/year | Design | N | 0–5 | 6–12 | 13–17 | Exposure | Dur | Tim | Qual | Var | Prob | OSA | DTS | Oth |
| Neighborhood noise (15 articles) | ||||||||||||||
| Belmon 2020 [13]c | QL/CR | 45 / 33 | X | Perceived noise | self(0) par(+) |
|||||||||
| Feng 2020 [26]a | CR | 11916 | X | X | Perceived noise | self(0) | self(×) | |||||||
| Gaarde 2020 [27]c | QL/CR | 142 | X | Perceived noise | self(+) | |||||||||
| Lindsay 2018 [42]c | QL/CR | 37 | X | Perceived noise | par(+) | |||||||||
| Martin-Biggers 2015 [46]c | QL/CR | 139 | X | Perceived noise | par(+) | |||||||||
| Martinez 2015 [47]c | QL/CR | 18 | X | Perceived noise | par(+) | |||||||||
| Ohrstrom 2006 [52]b | CR | 160 (79)* | X | Road traffic noise | act(0) | self(+) act(0) |
self(+) | self(+) | ||||||
| Palimaru 2020 [58]c | QL/CR | 26 | X | X | Perceived noise | self(+) | ||||||||
| Rudolph 2019 [67]a | CR | 4508 | X | Ambient outdoor noise | self(0) | self(+) | ||||||||
| Sadler 2020 [68]c | QL/CR | 25 | X | Perceived noise | par(+) | |||||||||
| Skrzypek 2017 [73] | CR | 5136 | X | X | Road traffic noise | par(+) | ||||||||
| Spilsbury 2016 [74]c | QL/LO | 65 | X | X | Perceived noise | self(+) | ||||||||
| Stansfeld 2010 [77]b | LO | 326 | X | Aircraft noise | self(0) | |||||||||
| Tiesler 2013 [80] | CR | 872 | X | Ambient outdoor noise | par(+) | |||||||||
| Weyde 2017 [86] | CR | 2665 | X | Road traffic noise | par(×) | par(0) | ||||||||
| Neighborhood built environment (7 articles) | ||||||||||||||
| Aguilar-Farias 2020 [9]a | CR | 148 | X | Perceived walkability, distance to places | act(0) | |||||||||
| Bottino 2012 [16] | CR | 1226 | X | Urbanicity, density, distance to major road | par(+) | |||||||||
| Côté-Lussier 2020 [20] | CR | 504 | X | Traffic density, residential density, land use mix | act(0) | |||||||||
| Ha 2020 [31] | CR | 3917 | X | X | X | Distance to major road | par(+) | |||||||
| Marco 2011 [44] | CR | 155 | X | X | Physical condition, street environment | act(0) | act(×) | act(+) | ||||||
| Philbrook 2016 [62] | CR | 231 | X | Perceived recreation facilities | act(+) | act(+) | act(0) | act(0) | ||||||
| Singh 2013 [72]a | CR | 63352 | X | X | Perceived built environment index | par(+) | ||||||||
| Air pollution (6 articles) | ||||||||||||||
| Abou-Khadra 2013 [8]a | CR | 276 | X | X | Air pollution (PM10) | par(+) | ||||||||
| Bose 2019 [15] | LO | 397 | X | Air pollution (PM2.5) | act(+) | act(+) | ||||||||
| Kannan 2017[38] | LO | 609 | X | Traffic-related air pollution | par(+) | |||||||||
| Kheirandish-Gozal 2014 [39]a | CR | 4322 | X | X | Air pollution (multiple types) | par(+) | ||||||||
| Lawrence 2018 [41]a | CR | 59754 | X | X | X | Air pollution (multiple types) | self(+) | |||||||
| Sanchez 2019 [70] | CR | 564 | X | X | Air pollution (multiple types) | par(0) | ||||||||
| Outdoor Light (4 studies) | ||||||||||||||
| Côté-Lussier 2020 [20] | CR | 504 | X | Outdoor light at night | act(0) | |||||||||
| Paksarian 2020 [57]a | CR | 10123 | X | Outdoor light at night | self(+) | self(+) | ||||||||
| Spilsbury 2016 [74]c | QL/LO | 65 | X | X | Perceived outdoor light | self(+) | ||||||||
| Vollmer 2012 [83] | CR | 1507 | X | X | Outdoor light at night | self(+) | ||||||||
| Other Physical Environment Measures (7 articles) | ||||||||||||||
| Feng 2020 [26]a | CR | 11916 | X | X | Green space | self(×) | self(0) | |||||||
| Huss 2016 [35] | LO | 2361 | X | REMF | par(+) | par(0) | par(0) | par(0) | par(−) | |||||
| Williamson 2019 [89]a | LO | 4517 | X | X | SES/Social/Physical index | par(0) | ||||||||
CR: cross-sectional; LO: longitudinal; dur: sleep duration (continuous or dichotomized to reflect obtaining sufficient versus insufficient sleep duration); tim: sleep timing (bedtime, waketime, onset, offset, delay in sleep onset); qual: sleep quality (e.g. efficiency, wake after sleep onset, latency, night awakenings/wake episodes, self-reported quality); var: variability in sleep duration or timing; prob: subjectively reported sleep problems or disturbances; OSA: obstructive sleep apnea diagnosis, symptoms, snoring; DTS: daytime sleepiness, tiredness, napping; oth: other outcomes (e.g. parasomnias, chronotype, qualitative assessment of sleep barriers); par: parent/care-giver -reported; self: self-reported; act: assessed using actigraphy; clin: based on clinical assessment; psg: assessed using in-lab polysomnography or in-home overnight cardiorespiratory studies.
(+) indicates a significant positive association (better neighborhood environment associated with better sleep outcomes)
(0) indicates no association
(−) indicates a significant negative association (better neighborhood environment associated with worse sleep outcomes)
(×) indicates an interaction/association only significant in a subgroup of the study population
(+)(0) indicates findings varied based on assessment type (objective or subjective)
Study used probability-based sampling methods (e.g. random selection of households or classrooms)
Results from bivariate analysis only
Qualitative study assessing perceived barriers and/or facilitators of child sleep
Subsample with actigraphy