TABLE 2.

Developmental studies assessing relations between sleep physiology and cognition (ordered by age tested).

					Physiology Associated with Cognitive Performance
Cognitive Domain	Author/Ref	Age(s) Tested	Sleep bout(s) examined	Memory associated w/PSG?	Sleep Spindles or σ Power (any sleep stage)	SWSor SWA/slow oscillation power	REM (time, % time, REM theta power)	Other/additional stages or microstructure (description)
Declarative Memory	Horváth et al. [12]	3 mo	Nap	No
	Friedrich et al. [14]	9–16mo	Nap	No
	Friedrich et al. [17]	14–17mo	Nap	Yes	X
	Spanò et al. [39]	2:2–4:2y	Midday nap	Yesa			Xa
	Kurdziel et al. [7]	2:9–5:6y	Midday nap	Yes	X
	Lokhandwala et al. [18]	2:9–5:11y	Midday nap	Yes		X
	Wilhelm et al. [41]	8–11y	Overnight sleep	Yes		X
	Hahn et al. [43]	8–11y; 14–18y	Overnight sleep	Yes	X
	Zinke et al. [62]	8–12y	Overnight sleep	Yes	X
	Backhaus et al. [20]	9–12y	Overnight sleep	Yes				% nREM (summed across nREM 2,3/4)
	Piosczyk et al. [45]	16y	Afternoon nap	Yes	X
	Holz et al. [27]	16–17y	Overnight sleep	No
Procedural Memory	Wilhelm et al. [49]	4–6y	Midday nap	No
	Wilhelm et al. [22]	6–8y	Overnight sleep	No
	Fischer et al. [51]	7–11y	Overnight sleep	No
	Wilhelm et al. [41]	8–11y	Overnight sleep	Unknown
	Zinke et al. [62]	8–12y	Overnight sleep	Yes	X	X
	Saletin et al. [57]	10–12.9y	Overnight sleep	Nob
	Holz et al. [27]	16–17y	Overnight sleep	No
Generalization	Friedrich et al. [96]	6–8mo	Nap	Yes	X
	Simon et al. [97]	6.5mo	1st Nap of day	Yes		X		Absolute alpha and theta across brain
	Friedrich et al. [14]	9–16mo	Nap	Yes	X
	Friedrich et al. [99]	14–16mo	Nap, but memory assessed next day	Yes	X
Emotional Cognition	Kurdziel et al. [78]	34–64mo	Nap & Overnight sleep	Yes		X
	Cremone et al. [79]	37–69mo	Nap	Yesc		X
	Bolinger et al. [81]	8–11y	Overnight sleep	No
	Prehn-Kristensen et al. [89]	9–12y	Overnight sleep	Yesd		X	X
	Prehn-Kristensen et al. [90]	11–14y (typical group)	Overnight sleep	Yes		X		nREM duration

^aIn typically-developing children, not children with Down syndrome

^bPhysiology/memory association only seen in ADHD.

^cSWA correlated with faster response times overall, not specifically to emotionally “congruent” trials.

^dPhysiological/behavior association only in typically developing children when combined with adults.