Table 1.
Description of cephalometric landmarks used in this study
| Landmark (abbreviation) | Definition |
|---|---|
| Sella (S) | Center of the pituitary fossa of the sphenoid bone |
| Nasion (Na) | Most anterior point on the frontonasal suture in the midsagittal plane |
| Porion (Po) | Most superior point of the external auditory meatus |
| Orbitale (Or) | Most inferior point on infraorbital rim |
| Articulare (Ar) | Point at the junction of the posterior border of the ramus and the inferior border of the posterior cranial base |
| Posterior nasal spine (PNS) | Posterior spine of the palatine bone constituting the hard palate |
| Anterior nasal spine (ANS) | Anterior tip of the sharp bony process of the maxilla at the lower margin of the anterior nasal opening |
| Point A (A) | Deepest point of the curve of the anterior border of the maxilla |
| Upper incisor (U1) | Tip of the crown of the most anterior maxillary central incisor |
| Upper first molar (U6) | Most distal point on the crown of upper first molar |
| Lower incisor (L1) | Tip of the crown of the most anterior mandibular central incisor |
| Lower first molar (L6) | Most distal point on the crown of lower first molar |
| Gonion (Go) | Point along angle of the mandible, midway between lower border of mandible and posterior ascending ramus |
| Point B (B) | Most posterior point in the concavity along anterior border of the symphysis |
| Pogonion (Pog) | Most anterior point on the midsagittal symphysis |
| Menton (Me) | Most inferior point of the symphysis |