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. 2021 May 31;120:S106–S117. doi: 10.1016/j.jfma.2021.05.019

Table 2.

The estimated results on both estimates of value of statistical life (VSL) by periods and continents.

Period Continents Hedonic wage method (Billion, US$) Contingent valuation method (Billion, US$)
I
Africa 0.1 0.5
Asia 1.8 16.0
Europe 39.5 343.6
North America 24.5 212.7
Oceania 0.0 0.3
South America 0.6 5.6
overall
66.6
578.8
II
Africa 1.0 8.5
Asia 8.5 74.0
Europe 56.6 491.4
North America 75.0 651.7
Oceania 0.2 2.0
South America 15.8 137.1
overall
157.1
1365.2
III
Africa 2.3 19.9
Asia 20.5 178.3
Europe 140.1 1217.3
North America 149.2 1296.0
Oceania 0.3 2.8
South America 29.8 258.7
overall
342.4
2974.8
IV Africa 4.1 35.4
Asia 35.1 305.1
Europe 252.4 2193.2
North America 244.2 2121.8
Oceania 0.3 2.8
South America 54.5 473.1
overall 591.0 5135.0