Table 1.
Baseline characteristics, blood parameters and coagulation factors in the COVID-19 cohort, compared to those in the influenza cohort
| Normal | Total (n = 870) | COVID-19 (n = 461) | Influenza (n = 409) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Onset to hospitalization, day | 4.0 (3.0–5.0) | 4.0 (3.0–5.0) | 5.0 (4.0–6.0) | < 0.0001 | |
| Age | 64.0 (51.0–76.0) | 58.0 (47.0–70.0) | 69.0 (57.0–79.0) | < 0.0001 | |
| Gender, male N (%) | 511 (58.7%) | 250 (54.2%) | 261 (63.8%) | 0.004 | |
| Mortality, N (%) | 107 (12.3%) | 98 (21.3%) | 9 (2.2%) | < 0.0001 | |
| Comorbidity | |||||
| Hypertension | 281 (32.3%) | 120 (26.0%) | 161 (39.4%) | < 0.0001 | |
| Diabetes | 97 (11.1%) | 71 (15.4%) | 26 (6.4%) | < 0.0001 | |
| Cardiovascular diseases | 96 (11.0%) | 53 (11.5%) | 43 (10.5%) | 0.644 | |
| Bronchitis | 76 (8.7%) | 34 (7.4%) | 42 (10.3%) | 0.131 | |
| Blood parameters | |||||
| White blood cells, × 109/L | 3.5–9.5 | 6.8 (5.0–9.2) | 6.4 (4.9–8.7) | 7.3 (5.3–9.9) | < 0.001 |
| > 9.5 | 206 (23.7%) | 98 (21.3%) | 108 (26.4%) | 0.075 | |
| Neutrophils, × 109/L | 1.8–6.3 | 5.0 (3.4–7.4) | 4.7 (3.1–6.9) | 5.5 (3.6–7.8) | 0.003 |
| > 6.3 | 298 (34.3%) | 143 (31.0%) | 155 (37.9%) | 0.033 | |
| Lymphocytes, × 109/L | 1.1–3.2 | 1.0 (0.7–1.5) | 1.0 (0.6–1.4) | 1.1 (0.7–1.5) | 0.001 |
| < 1.1 | 458 (52.6%) | 270 (58.6%) | 188 (46.0%) | < 0.001 | |
| Monocytes, × 109/L | 0.1–0.6 | 0.5 (0.3–0.7) | 0.5 (0.3–0.6) | 0.5 (0.4–0.8) | < 0.0001 |
| > 0.6 | 263 (30.2%) | 121 (26.2%) | 142 (34.7%) | 0.007 | |
| Red blood cells, × 1012/L | 4.3–5.8 | 4.1 (3.5–4.5) | 4.0 (3.4–4.5) | 4.2 (3.7–4.6) | < 0.001 |
| < 4.3 | 546 (62.8%) | 300 (65.1%) | 246 (60.1%) | 0.133 | |
| Hemoglobin, g/L | 130–175 | 123.0 (106.0–136.0) | 120.0 (100.0–135.0) | 126.0 (111.5–137.0) | < 0.001 |
| < 130 | 541 (62.2%) | 299 (64.9%) | 242 (59.2%) | 0.084 | |
| Hematocrit, % | 40–50 | 36.9 (32.4–40.7) | 36.0 (31.6–40.0) | 37.8 (33.9–41.6) | < 0.0001 |
| < 40 | 611 (70.2%) | 346 (75.1%) | 265 (64.8%) | 0.001 | |
| Platelet, × 109/L | 125–350 | 195.0 (145.0–261.3) | 191.0 (138.0–260.5) | 201.0 (150.5–267.0) | 0.064 |
| < 125 | 146 (16.8%) | 94 (20.4%) | 52 (12.7%) | 0.003 | |
| Mean platelet volume, fL | 7.4–12.5 | 10.7 (9.9–11.6) | 10.7 (10.0–11.5) | 10.7 (9.8–11.6) | 0.618 |
| > 12.5 | 85 (9.8%) | 47 (10.2%) | 38 (9.3%) | 0.654 | |
| Coagulation factors | |||||
| Prothrombin time, s | 9–13 | 12.9 (11.8–14.2) | 13.3 (12.3–14.2) | 12.2 (11.4–14.1) | < 0.0001 |
| > 13 | 418 (48.0%) | 268 (58.1%) | 150 (36.7%) | < 0.0001 | |
| INR | 0.8–1.2 | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) | 1.0 (1.0–1.2) | 0.007 |
| > 1.2 | 179 (20.5%) | 88 (19.1%) | 91 (22.2%) | 0.250 | |
| aPTT, s | 23.3–32.5 | 29.2 (26.4–32.1) | 30.4 (28.2–32.7) | 27.4 (24.8–31.5) | < 0.0001 |
| > 32.5 | 196 (22.5%) | 119 (25.8%) | 77 (18.8%) | 0.014 | |
| Thrombin time, s | 14–21 | 17.1 (15.9–18.4) | 16.4 (15.4–17.6) | 17.7 (16.7–19.5) | < 0.0001 |
| > 21 | 109 (12.5%) | 19 (4.1%) | 90 (22.0%) | < 0.0001 | |
| Fibrinogen, g/L | 2–4 | 4.0 (3.0–5.1) | 3.9 (2.8–4.8) | 4.2 (3.1–5.3) | < 0.001 |
| > 4 | 429 (49.3%) | 206 (44.7%) | 223 (54.5%) | 0.004 | |
| D-dimer, mg/L | < 0.55 | 1.10 (0.44–2.80) | 1.08 (0.35–3.27) | 1.13 (0.49–2.60) | 0.555 |
| > 0.55 | 607 (69.8%) | 313 (67.9%) | 294 (71.9%) | 0.201 |