TABLE 1.

Lineage markers commonly used in studies of endothelial-mesenchymal transitions and vascular calcification.

Endothelial lineage
CD31 (also known as PECAM1) vWF (von Willebrand factor) Cadherin 5 (also known as VE-cadherin) VEGFR2 (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2; also known as KDR or Flk-1)
Fibroblastic mesenchymal lineage
COL1A1 (α1 type I collagen) COL1A2 (α2 type I collagen) SOX9 (SRY-box 9) PDGFRα (platelet-derived growth factor-α) TCF21 (transcription factor 21) Vimentin FSP1 (fibroblast-specific protein 1; also known as S100-A4) DDR2 (discoidin domain-containing receptor 2) THY1 (Thy-1 membrane glycoprotein; also known as CD90)
Myofibroblast lineage
αSMA (α smooth muscle actin) Periostin
Osteogenic lineage
Rux2 (Runt-related transcription factor 2; also known as Cbfa1) Osterix (also known as Sp7) COL1A1 (α1 type I collagen) Alkaline phosphatase expression and activity Osteocalcin Osteopontin Fibronectin Calcium mineral