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. 2021 May 17;12:579429. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.579429

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Copyright © 2021 Mahmood, Afzal, Perveen, Wahid, Azeem and Iqbal.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The effects of pre-sowing He-Ne laser seed treatment on secondary metabolites and nutritional value in sunflowers. For each trait, means with the same letters, do not differ significantly from each other at P ≤ 0.05. Data are presented mean ± standard deviation (n = 3 independent biological replicates). (K) Phenolic content, (L) Total flavonoid content, (M) Anthocyanin, (N) Carotenoid contents, (O) Metabolizable energy, (P) Nutritional value. Statistical significant differences determined by LSD (P < 0.05) are denoted by a, b, c, d.