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Several TME components promote an immune suppressive environment. Regorafenib may modulate an immune-suppressive TME and promote anti-tumor immunity, blocking VEGFRs, TIE2, and CSF-1R.
CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte; CSF-1R, colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor; DC, Dendric cells; EC, endothelial cell; TAM, tumor-associated macrophages; TEM, TIE2-expressing monocyte/macrophages; TME, tumor microenvironment; Treg, regulatory T cells; VEGFRs, vascular endothelial growth factor receptors.
