Table 1.
Anti-quorum sensing studies of traditional medicinal plants in Iran
| First authors, publication year [reference] | Plant species evaluated (part tested) | Products | Strains tested | Plant species with anti-quorum-sensing properties | Quorum-quenching effects | Other effects and authors comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mahmoudi E et al., 2014 [16] | Pelargonium hortorum, Triticum aestivum, Lycopersicum esculentum, Hordeum vulgare, Cucumis sativus, Oryza sativa, Mentha spp., Allium sativum, Zea mays, Onobrychis sativa, Coriandrum sativum, Capsicum annuum, Allium porrum, Foeniculum vulgare, Beta vulgare, Olea europaea, Sage Salvia officinalis, Petroselinum crispum, Phaseolus vulgare, Lentis sativa, Cicer arietinum, Pisum sativum, Ocimum basilicum, Vicia radiata, Raphanus sativus, Phaseolus vulgare, Allium ampeloprasum, Anethum graveolens, Althea officinalis, Abelmoschus esculentus, Foeniculum vulgare, Solanum melongena, Medicago sativa, Capsicum annuum, Amaranthus blitum, Zataria multiflora, Artemisia dracunculus, Apium graveolens, Trifolium repens, Satureja hortensis, Cucumis melo, Thymus sp., Solanum tuberosum | Methanolic extract of 44 medicine plant species |
Chromobacterium violaceum CV026, Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. Carotovorum |
Althea officinali, Artemisia dracunculus, Raphanus sativus | Repress violacein production in CV026, inhibit QS-regulated virulence in Pectobacterium on potato tubers, contains AHL-mimicking molecules that can activate QS function in Trifolium repens | Plants have quorum sensing-mimicking signals that could potentially be used for disrupting quorum sensing |
| Makhfian M et al., 2015 [5] | Artemisia dracunculus, Coriandrum sativum, Trigonella foenum, Satureja hortensis, Tagetes minuta, Ocimum basilicum, Descurainia sophi, Spinacia oleracea, Cicer arietinum, Medicago sativa, Cardaria draba, Equisetum arvense, Anethum graveolens, Sophora secundiflora, Trifolium spp., Hordeum morinum,Solanum tuberosum, Cyclamen hederifolium, Lactuca sativa, Phleum spp, Zea mays, Centaurea cyanus, Allium ampeloprasum, Triticum spp, Daucus carota, Allium sativum, Capsicum frutescens, Apium graveolens, Abelmoschus esculentus, Phasaeolus vulgaris, Mentha piperata | Ethanol extracts of 31 medicine plant species |
C. violaceum CV026, P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum strain 116B |
Trigonella foenum, Cardaria draba, Equisetum arvense, Anethum graveolens, Phleum spp., Allium ampeloprasum, Capsicum frutescens | Inhibition of violacein pigmentation in C. violaceum CV026 and reduction in tissue maceration in test plants | These plants can mimic quorum-sensing signals (especially Eugenol as major component in Anethum graveolens) |
| Sepahi E et al., 2015 [17] | Ferula (Ferula asafoetida), Dorema (Dorema aucheri) | Essential oils | Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01, C. violaceum CV026 | Ferula asafetida, Dorema aucheri. | Reduced the violacein in C. violaceum, Pyocyanin, pyoverdine, elastase and biofilm production and decrease QS-dependent genes in P. aeruginosa. But Dorema oil could not show anti-biofilm effects | These plants as novel QS and virulence inhibitors. |
| Korkorian N et al., 2017 [18] | Rumex alveolatus (leaves and roots) | Aqueous and methanol extracts | P. aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus | Rumex alveolatus | Prevented biofilm formation by P. aeruginosa and S. aureus, reduced pyocyanin production in P. aeruginosa. Main phenolic compound was 1,2-benzene dicarboxylic acid | Aqueous extracts of R. alveolates had not antibacterial and anti-QS activity. |
| Kordbacheh H et al., 2017 [19] | Pistacia atlantica (leaf) | Methanolic extract | P. aeruginosa PAO1 | Pistacia atlantica | Inhibition of biofilm and pyocyanin and LasR protein with active compounds (myricetin, 3-O-rutinoside, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside) | Treatment of infections caused by P. aeruginosa |
| Mohabi S et al., 2017 [1] | Quercus infectori (galls) | Methanol extract | Five strains of P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853, PAO1 wild, PAO1 (MH873), MS.PS.50/35, and PDO 300 (mucA2e, a hyper alginate producer)), C. violaceum CV026 |
Quercus infectori | Decreasing the biofilm formation, level of protease LasA, LasB, swarming and twitching motility & lasR gene expression in P. aeruginosa strains. Inhibited the QS in C. violaceum CV026 |
Antibacterial effects & best candidate for alternative treatment of pseudomonad infections in future. |
| Karbasizade V et al., 2017 [20] | Quercus infectoria, Zataria multiflora, Trachyspermum copticum | Acetone extract of Q. infectoria and methanol extracts of Z. multiflora and T. copticum | P. aeruginosa strain (PTCC 1430) | Quercus infectoria, Zataria multiflora, Trachyspermum copticum | Inhibition of pyocyanin, protease, elastase production and biofilm formation | These herbs can be used as antipathogenic drugs |
| Sharifi A et al., 2018 [21] | Thymus daenensis, Satureja hortensis, Origanum vulgare. | Essential oils | S. pneumoniae | Thymus daenensis, Satureja hortensis, Origanum vulgare. | Anti-biofilm activity, down-regulated LuxS and pfs (QS genes) by thymol, carvacrol, p-cymene, pulegone and 1,8-cineole | Introduced as new anti-biofilm and QS inhibitor agents |
| Jamalifar H et al., 2019 [22] | Green coffee beans powder (Coffee arabica L.) | Dissolved in boiling distilled water |
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 15449), P. aeruginosa strains were isolated from clinical samples |
(Coffee arabica L.) | Pathogenesis-related genes, lasI and lasR in P. aeruginosa are down-regulated through chlorogenic acid | Could be useful as an adjuvant & effective inhibition and eradication of P. aeruginosa |
| Pishgar E et al., 2019 [23] | Rubus ulmifolius (Raspberry blossom), Artemisia dracunculus (leaves), Centaurea cyanu (flower), Descurainia sophia (leaves and flower) | Ethanol extract |
Agrobacterium tumefaciens NTL/PZLR4. S. aureus were isolated from patients with dental implant infection |
Rubus ulmifolius, | Showed the QQ effects on biosensor strain by producing the blue colony and without hydrolysis of X-gal, anti-biofilm effects by microtitre plate (MTP) assay | Rubus ulmifolius can be considered as a mouthwash against dental bacterial infection, other plant species just show Antibacterial effects |
| Arjmandi A et al., 2020 [24] | Citrus limon (L.) (lemon peel) | Essential oil | P. aeruginosa Biosensor strain | Citrus limon (L.) | Inhibition of biofilm with essential oil ligands geranyl acetate, α-terpineol and β-bisabolene | It can be considered as a source of anti-biofilm and antimicrobial formulation. |
| Sharchi R et al., 2020 [25] | Satureja sahendica (flower) | Hydroalcoholic extract | Salmonella Typhimurium isolated from avian | Satureja sahendica | Decrease the expression of QS-associated gene (sdiA) | Antibacterial effects and it can be used to control the expression of virulence genes in S. Typhimurium. |
| Moradi F et al., 2020 [2] | Syzygium aromaticum (Stem), Dionysia revoluta (whole plant), Eucalyptus camaldulensis (leaves) | n-hexane, methanol, 96% ethanol mixed solvent |
C. violaceum CV026, Aeromonas veronii bv. Sobria strain BC88, P. aeruginosa isolated from a patient with cystic fibrosis |
Syzygium aromaticum Dionysia revoluta Eucalyptus camaldulensis |
Anti-QS activities by reducing the violacein formation and depletion of QS signals produced in A. veronii and P. aeruginosa | Antibacterial effects, and depleting the signalling system in bacterial clonality, thus permitting the immune system to eradicate the infection |
| Ghaderi L et al., 2020 [9] | Lavandula angustifolia, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureja khuzistanica | Essential oil nanoemulsions, carvacrol and 1,8-cineol) | P. aeruginosa PAO1 | Satureja khuzistanica, carvacrol and 1,8-cineol | Eradication of PAO1 biofilm and decrease pyocyanin production | Nanoemulsions could improve the antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of essential oil |
| Hakimi Alni R et al., 2020 [26] |
Allium sativum Cuminum cyminum |
Essential oils | Salmonella Typhimurium isolates |
Allium sativum Cuminum cyminum |
Down-regulated of QS (sdiA and luxS) and cellulose synthesis (csgD and adrA) genes and reduced the S. Typhimurium biofilm. | Antibiofilm effects without cytotoxic effect on the eukaryotic Vero cells with terpineol, carene and pinene in C. cyminum and sulfur in A. sativum |
| Fekrirad Z et al., 2020 [27] | Eugenol (the major clove extract) | Prepared by adding dimethyl sulfoxide | Serratia marcescens ATCC 13880 and S. marcescens Sm2 (isolates from clinical sample) | Eugenol (4-allyl-2 methoxyphenol) | Decrease the biofilm formation, haemolysin, protease, swarming, motility pigment formation and expression of genes involved in motility (flhD), attachment (fimC), biofilm formation (bsmB, bsmA), and QS regulatory (swrR) in S. marcescens | Anti-QS and anti-biofilm effects against S. marcescens strains. |
| Tanhay Mangoudehi H et al., 2020 [28] | Curcuma longa | Curcumin, component | Aeromonas hydrophila strains isolated from fish | Curcuma longa | Attenuate QS regulating genes (ahyI/R) and several QS-associated phenotypes (biofilm, swarming, proteolytic, haemolytic activity) | It can be used as an anti-QS agent, to be used in aquaculture. |
| Hosseinzadeh S et al., 2020 [29] | Licochalcone A, epigallocatechin-3-gallate | Stock solution was made in dimethyl sulphoxide | S. Typhimurium RITCC1730, 23 clinical isolates of S. typhimurium from poultry flocks |
Licochalcone A, epigallocatechin-3-gallate | Anti-QS activity with down-regulation of both sdiA and luxS genes in S. typhimurium | Use of these plant for anti-QS based prophylactic/therapeutic against salmonellosis |
| Mohammadi Pelarti S et al., 2021 [30] | Artemisia dracunculus | Essential oil | Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus | Artemisia dracunculus | Anti-biofilm activity and down-regulation of luxS, pfs and hld genes by estragole as a main compound | Use of this plant compounds as alternatives to antibiotics. |
Abbreviations: QQ, quorum-sensing; QS, quorum-quenching.