Table 3.
Multivariable model of standardized PRS and clinical risk factors on DR in BioMe
| Variable | OR | 95% CI | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| PRS | 1.14 | (1.05, 1.23) | 1.3 × 10−3 |
| T2D duration | 1.48 | (1.35, 1.61) | 2.0 × 10−16 |
| T2D medication | 1.54 | (1.31, 1.86) | 9.2 × 10−7 |
| Hyperglycemia | 1.26 | (1.17, 1.36) | 5.0 × 10−9 |
| Elevated HbA1c | 1.39 | (1.30, 1.48) | 2.0 × 10−16 |
| Hypertension | 1.45 | (1.28, 1.65) | 6.7 × 10−9 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 1.14 | (1.06, 1.23) | 3.7 × 10−4 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 1.27 | (1.17, 1.38) | 4.0 × 10−8 |
| Insomnia | 1.09 | (1.02, 1.17) | 1.5 × 10−3 |
| Sleep apnea | 1.10 | (1.02, 1.19) | 1.5 × 10−2 |
| Age | 1.04 | (0.95, 1.13) | 4.3 × 10−1 |
| Male | 0.99 | (0.91, 1.07) | 8.0 × 10−1 |
| BMI | 0.97 | (0.89, 1.06) | 5.0 × 10−1 |
Multivariable model of standardized PRS and clinical risk factors on DR in BioMe, adjusted for 20 genetic principal components (not shown). All variables were centered by subtracting by the mean and standardized by dividing by the SD. Diabetes medication was indicated if the patient was taking one or more T2D medications. T2D duration was calculated as time (in days) since first ICD-10 diagnosis code of T2D in the EHR. Clinical risk factors of hyperglycemia, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipidemia, insomnia and sleep apnea were defined by ICD-10 diagnosis codes. The SD was 3.0 years for T2D duration, 13 years for age and 7.2 kg/m2 for BMI. Elevated HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c >9% (75 mmol/mol); age, age in years; BMI, body mass index in kg/m2.