Table 4.
Microbiological etiology in time of onset.
| Pre-engraftment (<31 days) | Early post-engraftment (31–100 days) | Late post-engraftment (>100 days) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total infectious episodes N = 623 (100%) | 205 (33) | 214 (34) | 204 (33) |
| Gram positive bacteria N = 122 (20%) | 56 (46) | 25 (20) | 41 (34) |
| Median time of GPB infections days or months (range) | 10 days (0–28) | 72 days (32–97) | 7 months (3–29) |
| Staphylococcus spp | 31 | 13 | 22 |
| Enterococcus spp | 17 | 10 | 10 |
| Streptococcus spp | 5 | 7 | |
| Corynebacterium spp | 2 | ||
| Bacillus spp | 1 | ||
| Listeria monocytogenes | 2 | 1 | |
| Nocardia spp | 1 | ||
| Gram N = egative bacterial N = 107 (17%) | 23 (21) | 34 (32) | 50 (47) |
| Median time of GNB infections days or months (range) | 13 days (0–28) | 51 days (35–97) | 7 months (3–33) |
| Escherichia coli | 10 | 8 | 17 |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 7 | 10 | 14 |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | 2 | 7 | 8 |
| Stenotrophomonas maltophilia | 3 | 1 | 3 |
| Serratia marcescens | 1 | 2 | 1 |
| Enterobacter cloacae | 5 | 1 | |
| Haemophilus influenzae | 4 | ||
| Veillonella spp | 1 | ||
| Acinetobacter baumannii | 1 | ||
| Leptotricia trevisanii | 1 | ||
| Clostridium difficile N = 17 (3%) | 10 (59) | 5 (29) | 2 (12) |
| Median time of CD infection days or months (range) | 5 days (2–20) | 42 days (32–47) | – |
| Viral infections | |||
| Cytomegalovirus N = 155 (25%) | 58 (38) | 84 (54) | 13 (8) |
| Median time of CMV infections days or months (range) | 21 days (0–30) | 42 days (31–100) | 5 months (3–31) |
| Reactivation | 54 | 84 | 12 |
| Disease | 4 | – | 1 |
| Epstein–Barr Virus N = 23 (4%) | 5 (22) | 18 (72) | |
| Median time of EBV infections days or months (range) | – | 85 days (69–98) | 5 months (3–20) |
| Reactivation | – | 5 | 16 |
| EBV-PTLD | 2 | ||
| Hemorrhagic cystitis N = 77 (12%) | 32 (42) | 37 (48) | 8 (10) |
| Median time of HC infection days or months (range) | 14 days (0–30) | 45 days (31–98) | 4 months (3–7) |
| BK Poliomavirus-related | 20 | 31 | 3 |
| Adenovirus | 1 | 3 | 1 |
| Without viral infection | 11 | 3 | 4 |
| Upper respiratory tract viral infections N = 34 (5%) | 2 (6) | 10 (29) | 22 (65) |
| Median time of URT infections days or months (range) | – | 70 days (63–84) | 10 months (4–42) |
| Influenza virus | 5 | 10 | |
| Respiratory syncytial virus | 5 | 2 | |
| Parainfluenza virus | 1 | 6 | |
| Rhinovirus | 1 | 2 | |
| Adenovirus | 2 | ||
| Lower respiratory tract viral infections N = 28 (4%) | 5 (18) | 3 (11) | 20 (71) |
| Median time of LRT infections days or months (range) | 17 days (19–22) | – | 7 months (3–37) |
| Respiratory syncytial virus | 2 | 8 | |
| Influenza virus | 1 | 1 | 6 |
| Parainfluenza virus | 1 | 1 | |
| Coronavirus | 1 | 1 | |
| Rhinovirus | 1 | 3 | |
| Metapneumovirus | 1 | 1 | |
| Other viral infections N = 19 (3%) | 5 (26) | 5 (26) | 9 (48) |
| Median time of other virus infections days or months (range) | 15 days (5–21) | 63 days (40–93) | 5,5 months (3–12) |
| Human herpes type 6 virus | 1 | 3 | 3 |
| Adenovirus | 3 | 1 | |
| Rotavirus | 2 | ||
| Herpes simplex virus | 2 | ||
| Hepes zoster virus | 2 | ||
| Enterovirus | 1 | ||
| Norovirus | 1 | ||
| Invasive fungal infections N = 41 (7%) | 14 (34) | 13 (32) | 14 (34) |
| Median time of fungal infections days or months (range) | 10 days (0–28) | 72 day (31–99) | 11 months (4–46) |
| Possible IA | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Probable IA | 5 | 1 | 2 |
| Proven IA | 1 | 3 | 4 |
| Pneumocystis jirovecci pneumonia | 2 | ||
| Candida spp uncomplicated fungemia | 6 | 7 | 3 |
| Penicillinum spp | 1 |
GPB gram positive bacteria, GNB gram negative bacteria, CD clostridium difficile, CMV cytomegalovirus, EBV-PTLD EBV-related Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease, HC Hemorrhagic cystitis, URT upper respirtory tract, LRT lower respiratory tract, IA invasive aspergillosis.