Table 4.

Nanomaterials applied in cancer immunotherapy

Name of drug	Component	Cancer types tested	Outcome	References
G7-aPD-L1	Dendrimer and anti-PD-L1 antibody	Human renal carcinoma and breast cancer cells	G7-aPD-L1 showed significantly enhanced binding strength to PD-L1 proteins compared to free aPD-L1	[218]
Doxil synergized with mAbs	Liposomal doxorubicin, anti-PD-1 and CTLA-4 mAbs	Mouse colon cancer cells and mouse fibrosarcoma cells	Doxil synergized with anti-PD-1 and CTLA-4 mAbs in a preventative CT26 mouse tumor model and Doxil activity increased in the presence of a functional immune system	[220]
NPsiCTLA-4	Nanoparticle, CTLA-4 siRNA	B16 melanoma mouse model	NPsiCTLA-4 delivered CTLA-4-siRNA into tumor sites and affected T cell subsets, exhibiting augmented T cell activation. Induced anti-tumor immune responses	[221]
NP-based mRNA vaccine	Nanoparticle, mRNA encoding tumor antigen Mucin-1	Mouse triple negative breast cancer cells and female BALB/c mice	The NP-based mRNA vaccine successfully expressed tumor antigen in mouse lymph node and a synergic anti-tumor effect was shown	[222]
rGO/MTX/SB	rGO, MTX, transforming growth factor beta inhibitor SB-431542 (SB)	Triple negative breast cancer mouse model	A synergistic chemo-immuno-photothermal anti-tumor effect by in situ vaccination and TME inhibition was exhibited after laser irradiation	[223]
IFN-γNE2	Nanoemulsion, IFN-γ	Human breast cancer cells	IFN-γNE2 reduced MCF-7 cell viability without affecting phagocytes and induced cellular activity of phagocytes	[107]

CTLA-4, Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4; mAbs, Monoclonal antibodies; MTX, Methotrexate; IFN-γ, Cytokine Interferon gamma; NE, Nanoemulsions; PD-L1, Programmed cell death ligand 1; rGO, Reduced graphene oxide