Table 1.

Mediators released/activated in cells in SARS and COVID-19.

Cell Type	Mediators released/activated	References
Mast cells	Histamine, tryptase, NF-κB, IL-1α/β, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-11, IL-12, IL-13, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17, IL-18, IL-25, IL-33, TNF-α, IFN-γ, TGF-β, CCL2, CCL3, GM-CSF, VEGF, PDGF, SCF, PGE2, ROS, TLR2, c-Kit	[29,[142], [143], [144], [145], [146]]
Monocytes/macrophages	NF-κB, TNFα, IL-1α/β, IL-1RA, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IFN-γ, TGF-β, ROS, TLR2, TLR4	[6,110,[147], [148], [149], [150]]
Eosinophils	IL-1α, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-11, IL-12, IL-13, IL-16, IL-18, IL-25, TNF-α, IFN-γ, TGF-α/β, VEGF, GM-CSF	[145,[151], [152], [153], [154]]
Neutrophils	IL-1α/β, IL-1RA, IL-3, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12, IL-16, IL-17, IL-18, IL-23, Th1/Th2, TGF-α/β, IFN-α, IFN-γ, TNF-α, G-CSG, GM-CSF, SCF, FGF, VEGF, CCL2, ROS, TLR2, TLR4	[[155], [156], [157], [158]]
Dendritic cells	IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-α, CCL3, RANTES, IP-10, CCL2	[110,142,159]
Th1	IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-12, TNF-α	[110,148]
Th2	TGF-β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13	[110,148]
Th17	IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, IL-22	[110,160]
Treg	IL-10, TGF-β	[53,110]