Table 3.
Key pro-inflammatory mediators in a cytokine storm.
| Mechanisms | Effect of Zinc on mediator [Refs] | Effect of ω-3 PUFAs on mediator [Refs] | Effect of Vitamin D on mediator [Refs] | Effect of Magnesium on mediator [Refs] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TNF-α | ↓ [ [9,235]] | ↓ [177,[242], [243], [244]] | ↓ [[245], [246], [247], [248]] | ↓ [126,174,249] |
| IFN-γ | ↓ [ [217,218,250]] | ↓ [193,212,244] | ↓ [247,248,[251], [252], [253]] | ↓ [208,249] |
| IL-1β | ↓ [9,210,254] | ↓ [177,227,244,255,256] | ↓ [79,231,232,248,257] | ↓ [182,233,249,258,259] |
| IL-6 | ↓ [17,260] | ↓ [177,212,243,244,256] | ↓ [65,248,261,262] | ↓ [121,126,174,182,263] |
| IL-12 | ↓ [264] | ↓ [172,265] | ↓ [111,195,266,267] | – |
| IL-17 | ↓ [209,210,268] | ↓ [185,193,212,244] | ↓ [216,248,269,270] | – |
| IL-18 | ↓ [271] | ↓ [228] | ↓ [272] | – |
| IL-33 | ↓ [273] | ↓ [274] | ↓ [275] | – |
| CCL2 (MCP-1) | ↓ [9,171] | ↓ [[276], [277], [278], [279]] | ↓ [[280], [281], [282]] | ↓ [263,283] |
| CCL3 (MIP-1α) | ↓ [284] | ↓ [276,285] | ↓ [216,286] | – |
| C-reactive protein (CRP) | ↓ [[287], [288], [289]] | ↓ [[290], [291], [292]] | ↓ [93,293,294] | ↓ [121,126,295] |
| GM-CSF | ↓ [296] | ↓ [297,298] | ↓ [[299], [300], [301], [302]] | – |
| NF-κB | ↓ [12,25,226,235] | ↓ [132,236,237] | ↓ [79,[238], [239], [240]] | ↓ [121,174,241] |
— indicates no literature reference found.
↓ inhibits the mediator.