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. 2021 May 26;14:1415–1430. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S303536

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© 2021 Xiang et al.

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Schematic diagram of the establishment methods and symptoms for TMD animal models. The red circles represent the establishment methods for different causes of TMD, and the blue circles represent the signs and symptoms produced by TMD models.

Abbreviations: ADD, anterior disc displacement; BSA, bovine serum albumin; CFA, complete Freund’s adjuvant; CUMS, chronic unpredictable mild stress; MIA, mono-iodoacetate; TMJ-OA, temporomandibular joint-osteoarthritis; UAC, unilateral anterior crossbite; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.