| Outcome or subgroup title |
No of studies |
No of participants |
Statistical method |
Effect size (95% CI) |
| HCP attitudes (all interventions) |
8 |
641 |
Std mean difference (IV, random, 95% CI) |
0.71 (0.39 to 1.03) |
| HCP attitudes (all interventions) |
8 |
641 |
Std mean difference (IV, fixed, 95% CI) |
0.70 (0.58 to 0.83) |
| HCP attitudes (no inflation of standard error for Short 2006b) |
8 |
641 |
Std mean difference (IV, random, 95% CI) |
0.71 (0.39 to 1.03) |
| HCP attitudes (no inflation of standard error for Short 2006b) |
8 |
641 |
Std mean difference (IV, fixed, 95% CI) |
0.70 (0.58 to 0.83) |
| HCP attitudes (30% inflation of standard error for Short 2006b) |
8 |
641 |
Std mean difference (IV, random, 95% CI) |
0.71 (0.39 to 1.04) |
| HCP attitudes (30% inflation of standard error for Short 2006b) |
8 |
641 |
Std mean difference (IV, fixed, 95% CI) |
0.70 (0.58 to 0.83) |
| ADVR or online ‐ individual training |
5 |
434 |
Std mean difference (IV, random, 95% CI) |
0.87 (0.54 to 1.20) |
| Information and validation training |
2 |
71 |
Std mean difference (IV, random, 95% CI) |
0.67 (−0.34 to 1.68) |
| < 1 day of training |
7 |
505 |
Std mean difference (IV, random, 95% CI) |
0.82 (0.52 to 1.12) |
| Didactic technique: online computer‐based individual training |
6 |
476 |
Std mean difference (IV, random, 95% CI) |
0.78 (0.46 to 1.10) |
| Didactic technique: in‐person group discussion/group‐based training |
2 |
165 |
Std mean difference (IV, random, 95% CI) |
0.61 (−0.44 to 1.67) |
| Didactic technique: role play |
4 |
454 |
Std mean difference (IV, random, 95% CI) |
0.80 (0.30 to 1.29) |
| Didactic technique: case studies |
3 |
251 |
Std mean difference (IV, random, 95% CI) |
0.41 (0.03 to 0.78) |
| ADVR: Asking, validating, documenting and referral; CI: confidence interval; HCP: healthcare professional; No: number; Std: standardised; IV: inverse variance |
