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. 2021 May 27;15:2269–2287. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S308578

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© 2021 Qiu et al.

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Historical timelines of cytokine research. (A) Timeline of cytokine discovery. The time point is the year in which the cytokines, EPO,69 IFNs,70,71 EGF,72 G-CSF,73,74 FGF,75 IL-1,76 IL-2,77 IGF,78 TNF,79 GM-CSF,80 TGF-β,81 IL-3,82 IL-4,83 IL-6,84 IL-7,85 IL-10,86 IL-12,87 IL-13,88 VEGF,89 IL-11,90 IL-15,91 IL-17,92 IL-18,93 IL-21,94,95 and CCL21,96,97 were first described. (B) Timeline of the first clinical trials of cytokines for cancer treatment. The time point is the year that the trial was first registered with ClinicalTrials.gov. Clinical trial registry (NCT) numbers are shown.