Table 2.

Nanomaterials for Therapeutic Delivery of Cytokines

Categories	Materials	Cytokines	Processing Methods	Features
Organic	Dextran	GM-CSF, G-CSF.59	Chemical co-precipitation; weak electrolyte; ester bond.125	Easy modification; biocompatibility and biodegradability; enhancement of MHC I antigen presentation by DCs.126
	PLGA	IL-2,60 IL-18,66,127 IFN-α,58 TNF,127–129 IL-12,127,130 GM-CSF,128 IFN-γ.131	Emulsification-diffusion; solvent evaporation; nanoprecipitation methods.132,133	Biocompatibility; biodegradability.
	Chitosan	GM-CSF,59 IL-12,134 IL-15,64 IL-21.65	Ionotropic gelation; microemulsion; emulsification solvent diffusion; polyelectrolyte complex formation.	Hydrophily; stability; biodegradability.
	Liposome	IL-2,60,135 TGF-β,60 IL-12,136,137 TNF-α.61	Reverse phase evaporation; thin film hydration; ultrasonic dispersion.	Easy modification; hydrophily; reducing drug toxicity; stability.138,139
Inorganic	Gold Nanoparticles	IL-12,137 TNF,62,140,141 IFN.142	Galvanic replacement reaction; liquid phase reduction method; the use of dendrimers.143	Optical and electronic features; easy modification.144
	Silicon	GM-CSF,145 IFN-tau.146	Gas phase synthesis; supercritical fluid method; solid state method; liquid phase reduction method.	Biocompatibility; hypotoxicity; large capacity; photoluminescence.147
	Magnetic Nanoparticles	TNF-α,141,148 IFN-γ,149 IFN-α2b,63 EGFR.67	Wet precipitation; co-precipitation; reverse micelle mechanism; thermal decomposition and reduction; liquid phase reduction.	Directional migration; controllability of release; biocompatibility.