FIGURE 7.

Schematic illustration of the DM-induced ERS and OS. DM induced apoptosis through activation of the signaling pathway IRE1α, TRAF2, ASK1, JNK, caspase-12, and the pathway PERK, CHOP, caspase-3. Meanwhile, the reduction of Nrf2 induced by activation of PERK and the increase of NFκB induced by activation of TRAF2 contribute to enhance oxidative stress, further lead to a increase of PDI, p-TAU and accumulation of misfolded proteins which in turn increased the activation of the receptor IRE1α and PERK.