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. 2021 May 17;12:651105. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.651105

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Copyright © 2021 Guo, Zhang, Wang, Huang, Liu, Chu, Ren, Kong and Ma.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Schematic illustration of the role of Trx-1 in regulating DM-induced ERS and OS. On the one hand, the upregulation of Trx-1 increased Nrf2 and inhibited NFκB, leading to the increase of anti-oxidant enzymes and the decrease of oxidases to exert antioxidant stress and anti-endoplasmic reticulum stress, which reduced misfold protein production. On the other hand, the upregulation of Trx-1 inhibited ASK1 phosphorylation, decreased the expression of JNK and caspase-12, further exerted antiapoptotic effects.