Table 2.
Dietary intake, anthropometric and biochemical indices among women with PCOS before and after intervention with green cardamom
| Variables | Green cardamom (n = 99) | P1 | Placebo (n = 95) | P1 | P2 | P3 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Before | After | Before | After | |||||
| Age, year | 32.99 ± 5.57* | 33.81 ± 5.42 | 0.073 | |||||
| Weight, kg | 86.26 ± 10 | 79.65 ± 10.98 | < 0.001 | 87.38 ± 10.75 | 81.48 ± 12.40 | < 0.001 | 0.506 | 0.156 |
| WC, cm | 113.01 ± 12.55 | 106.30 ± 9.33 | < 0.001 | 113.57 ± 7.89 | 108.18 ± 9.88 | < 0.001 | 0.683 | 0.366 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 34.78 ± 3.39 | 32.13 ± 4.46 | < 0.001 | 35.18 ± 5.16 | 32.86 ± 5.95 | < 0.001 | 0.989 | 0.015 |
| Body fat, % | 46.12 ± 2.72 | 44.48 ± 2.53 | < 0.001 | 47.13 ± 3.11 | 44.76 ± 3.06 | < 0.001 | 0.151 | 0.036 |
| Energy (kcal/day) | 3424.24 ± 769.51 | 2216.61 ± 590.47 | < 0.001 | 3101.48 ± 748.6 | 2189.48 ± 633.14 | < 0.001 | 0.5 | 0.801 |
| Protein (g/day) | 121.03 ± 37.11 | 84.81 ± 24.01 | < 0.001 | 106.68 ± 32.09 | 84.22 ± 25.21 | < 0.001 | 0.158 | 0.91 |
| Carbohydrate (g/day) | 500.17 ± 140.71 | 348.57 ± 102.75 | < 0.001 | 460.17 ± 138.14 | 342.79 ± 113.71 | < 0.001 | 0.704 | 0.591 |
| Fat (g/day) | 106.82 ± 33.75 | 56.13 ± 18.54 | < 0.001 | 93.91 ± 28.19 | 55.89 ± 20.92 | < 0.001 | 0.193 | 0.639 |
| TSH, μIU/mL | 2.86 ± 0.21 | 2.88 ± 0.27 | 0.469 | 2.89 ± 0.25 | 2.89 ± 0.34 | 0.787 | 0.704 | 0.724 |
| Androstenedione, ng/mL | 2.09 ± 1.81* | 1.68 ± 0.25 | < 0.001 | 1.97 ± 0.32 | 1.85 ± 0.24 | 0.013 | 0.121 | < 0.001 |
| DHEA, ng/dL | 321.27 ± 62.38 | 282.97 ± 64.54 | < 0.001 | 363.39 ± 76.01 | 383.06 ± 48.71 | 0.109 | 0.198 | 0.033 |
| Prolactin, ng/mL | 8.44 ± 4.22 | 8.54 ± 3.87 | 0.884 | 7.78 ± 4.09 | 7.98 ± 3.65 | 0.747 | 0.647 | 0.594 |
| Testosterone, ng/mL | 1.24 ± 0.21 | 1.19 ± 0.3 | 0.188 | 1.35 ± 0.21 | 1.35 ± 0.25 | 0.968 | 0.99 | 0.016 |
| LH, IU/L | 6.31 ± 1.41 | 3.36 ± 1.41 | < 0.001 | 5.94 ± 2.28 | 5.95 ± 1.84 | 0.774 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| FSH, IU/L | 1.82 ± 0.74 | 2.77 ± 1.42 | < 0.001 | 1.32 ± 0.84 | 1.43 ± 0.95 | 0.768 | 0.283 | < 0.001 |
| SHBG, nm/L | 27.77 ± 10.63 | 29.42 ± 10.51 | 0.261 | 33.12 ± 10.17 | 34.79 ± 10.59 | 0.251 | 0.726 | 0.829 |
P1: P values denote significance of within-group changes
P2: P values denote significance of between-group difference in the baseline
P3: P values denote significance of between-group difference after intervention
*All presented values are means ± SD
*Significant difference within group throughout the study (P < 0.05, paired samples t-test or Wilcoxon)
*Significant difference between groups throughout the study (P < 0.05, independent samples t-test or U Mann–Whitney)