Table 3.

Autoantibodies in Xenobiotic-Induced Autoimmunity and Autoimmune Disease.

Xenobiotic	Autoimmune Diseases or Autoimmunitya	Idiopathicb	Xenobiotic Humanc	Xenobiotic Experimentalc	Selected References
Confident
Silica	SLE, SSc, RA	ANA DNA, Sm, RNP, SS-A/Ro, SS-B/La Centromere, DNA topoisomerase 1 RF ACPAd	ANA DNA SS-A/Ro SS-B/La Centromere, DNA topoisomerase 1 ACPA	ANA Sm RNP dsDNA RF	(21, 25, 30, 111,112,113) (25, 29) (123)
Smoking	Seropositive RA	RF ACPA	ACPA		(19)
Solvents	SSc	Scl-70	Scl-70	MDA HNE ssDNA dsDNA	(126) (95)
Insufficient evidence
Mercury	autoantibodies, cytokines, nephrotic syndrome	NA	ANA	ANA Fibrillarin Chromatin	(3)
Asbestos	autoantibodies, atypical rheumatological symptoms	NA	ANA dsDNA RNP SS-A/Ro52 Scl-70 Mesothelial cell	ANA dsDNA SS/A-Ro52 Mesothelial cell	(127)

Note: This table is not a comprehensive listing of all autoantibodies found in a particular idiopathic autoimmune disease. Rather it is a comparison of autoantibody responses found with a specific xenobiotic exposure and whether the same response has been identified in idiopathic disease.

^aExposures leading to autoimmunity without clinical disease are mercury and asbestos.

^bIdiopathic disease means no known association with an environmental exposure.

^cAntibodies in humans or experimental animal models following exposure.

^dIn italics, antibodies against post-translational protein modification.

^eAbbreviations: NA, not applicable.