TABLE 3.
Intervention and comparison of included trials that evaluated the effectiveness and safety of probiotics for glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus1
| Type of vehicles for probiotics/synbiotics | Microbial composition and content (CFU) per dose | Dose | Frequency of usage | Duration of treatment, week | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study | Intervention | Comparison | Intervention | Comparison | Intervention | Comparison | Intervention | Comparison | |
| Ejtahed et al., 2011 (25) | Yogurt | Yogurt | Lactobacillus acidophilus La5 (2.2 × 109 CFU); Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 (1.8 × 109 CFU); Lactobacillus bulgaricus (NR); Streptococcus thermophilus (NR) | Lactobacillus bulgaricus (NR); Streptococcus thermophilus (NR) | 300 g | 300 g | once a day | once a day | 6 |
| Ejtahed et al., 2012 (4) | Yogurt | Yogurt | Lactobacillus acidophilus La5 (2.2 × 109 CFU); Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 (1.8 × 109 CFU); Lactobacillus bulgaricus (NR); Streptococcus thermophilus (NR) | Lactobacillus bulgaricus (NR); Streptococcus thermophilus (NR) | 300 g | 300 g | once a day | once a day | 6 |
| Tripolt et al., 2013 (26) | Milk2 | NA | Lactobacillus casei Shirota (6.5 × 109 CFU) | NA | 65 mL | NA | thrice a day | NA | 12 |
| Mazloom et al., 2013 (13) | Capsules | Capsules | Lactobacillus acidophilus (NR); Lactobacillus bulgaricus (NR); Lactobacillus bifidum (NR); Lactobacillus casei (NR) | NA | 1.5 g | 1.5 g | twice a day | twice a day | 6 |
| Lactobacillus bifidum (NR); Lactobacillus casei (NR) | Capsules | Capsules | Bifidobacterium breve (2 ×1010 CFU); Lactobacillus casei (7 × 109 CFU); Bifidobacterium longum (7 × 109 CFU); Lactobacillus acidophilus (2 × 109 CFU); Lactobacillus rhamnosus (1.5 × 109 CFU); Streptococcus thermophilus (1.5 × 109 CFU); Lactobacillus bulgaricus (2 × 108 CFU) | NA | NR | NR | once a day | once a day | 8 |
| Asemi et al., 2013 (5) | Milk2 | NA | Lactobacillus plantarum LP 115 (1 × 109 CFU) | NA | 80 mL | 80 mL | once a day | once a day | 12 |
| Lactobacillus bulgaricus (2 × 108 CFU) | Bread | Bread | Lactobacillus sporogenes (4 × 109 CFU) | NA | 40 g | 40 g | thrice a day | thrice a day | 8 |
| Barreto et al., 2014 (27) | Yogurt | Yogurt | Lactobacillus acidophilus La5 (5.55 × 108 CFU); Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 (5.55 × 108 CFU); Lactobacillus delbrueckii (NR); Streptococcus thermophilus (NR) | Lactobacillus delbrueckii (NR); Streptococcus thermophilus (NR) | 150 g | 150 g | twice a day | twice a day | 8 |
| Shakeri et al., 2014 (28) | Kimchi4 | NA | NR | NA | NR | NA | thrice a day | NA | 12 |
| Mohamadshahi et al., 2014 (7) | Bread | Bread | Lactobacillus sporogenes (4 × 109 CFU) | NA | 40 g | 40 g | thrice a day | thrice a day | 8 |
| Jung et al., 2014 (29) | Milk2 | Milk2 | Lactobacillus acidophilus (1.5 × 1010 CFU); Lactobacillus casei (9 × 109 CFU); Bifidobacterium lactis (4.8 × 109 CFU); Streptococcus thermophilus (NR) | Streptococcus thermophilus (NR); Lactobacillus bulgaricus (NR) | 600 mL | 600 mL | twice a day | twice a day | 8 |
| Tajadadi-Ebrahimi et al., 2014 (30) | Yogurt | NA | NR | NA | 150 g | NA | once a day | NA | 8 |
| Ostadrahimi et al., 2015 (31) | Milk2 | NA | Bifidobacterium animalis HN019 (2.72 × 1010 CFU) | NA | 80 mL | NA | once a day | NA | 45 days |
| Bayat et al., 2016 (32) | Milk2 | Milk3 | Lactobacillus casei Shirota (4 × 1010 CFU) | NA | 80 mL | 80 mL | once a day | once a day | 16 |
| Bernini et al., 2016 (33) | Powders | Powders | Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17,938 (1010 CFU) | NA | 1010 CFU | NR | once a day | once a day | 12 |
| Sato et al., 2017 (34) | Powders | Powders | Lactobacillus acidophilus (105 CFU); Lactobacillus casei (105 CFU); Lactobacillus lactis (105 CFU); Bifidobacterium bifidum (105 CFU); Bifidobacterium longum (105 CFU); Bifidobacterium infantis (105 CFU) | NA | 3 × 1010 CFU | NR | twice a day | twice a day | 12 |
| Mobini et al., 2017 (35) | Milk2 | Milk2 | Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 (109 CFU); Bifidobacterium animalis BB-12 (109 CFU) | Streptococcus thermophilus TA-40 (NR) | 120 g | 120 g | once a day | once a day | 6 |
| Firouzi et al., 2017 (36) | Soymilk | Soymilk | Lactobacillus plantarum A7 (2 × 107 CFU) | NA | 200 mL | 200 L | once a day | once a day | 8 |
| Tonucci et al., 2017 (37) | Tablets | Tablets | Bacillus cereus (>0.5 × 106 CFU); Bifidobacterium infantis (>0.5 × 106 CFU); Enterococcus faecalis (>0.5 × 106 CFU); Lactobacillus acidophilus (>0.5 × 106 CFU) | NA | 1.5 g | 1.5 g | thrice a day | thrice a day | 8 |
| Feizollahzadeh et al., 2017 (38) | Capsules | Capsules | Bifidobacterium bifidum (2 × 109 CFU); Lactobacillus casei (2 × 109 CFU); Lactobacillus acidophilus (2 × 109 CFU) | NA | NR | NR | once a day | NR | 12 |
| Yuan et al., 2017 (39) | Powders | Powders | Lactobacillus acidophilus (1 × 109 CFU); Bifidobacterium lactis (1 ×109 CFU); Bifidobacterium bifidum (1×109 CFU); Bifidobacterium longum (1 × 109 CFU) | NA | 6 g | NR | once a day | once a day | 24 |
| Raygan et al., 2018 (40) | Powders | Powders | Bifidobacterium bifidum W23 (NR); Bifidobacterium lactis W52 (NR); Lactobacillus acidophilus W37 (NR); Lactobacillus brevis W63 (NR); Lactobacillus casei W56 (NR); Lactobacillus salivarius W24 (NR); Lactobacillus lactis W19 (NR); Lactobacillus lactis W58 (NR) | NA | 5 × 109 CFU | 2 g | twice a day | twice a day | 6 months |
| Kassaian et al., 2018 (41) | Powders | Powders | Lactobacillus + Lactococcus (6 × 1011 CFU); Propionibacterium (3 × 1011 CFU); Bifidobacterium (1 × 1011 CFU); Acetobacter (1 × 107 CFU) | NA | 10 g | 10 g | once a day | once a day | 8 |
| Sabico et al., 2018 (9) | Capsules | Capsules | Lactobacillus reuteri GMNL-89 (2 × 109 CFU) | NA | 4 × 109 CFU | NR | once a day | once a day | 6 months |
| Kobyliak et al., 2018 (12) | Honey | Honey | Bacillus coagulans T4 (2.5 × 109 CFU) | NA | 25 g | 25 g | once a day | once a day | 12 |
| Hsieh et al., 2018 (6) | Milk2 | Milk3 | Lactobacillus casei Shirota YIT 9029 (>1.0 × 1011 CFU) | NA | 100 mL | 100 mL | once a day | once a day | 8 |
| Mazruei et al., 2019 (42) | Capsules | Capsules | Bifidobacterium breve (3 × 1010 CFU); Lactobacillus casei (7 × 109 CFU); Bifidobacterium longum (7 × 109 CFU); Lactobacillus acidophilus (2 × 109 CFU); Lactobacillus rhamnosus (1.5 × 109 CFU); Streptococcus thermophilus (1.5 × 109 CFU); Lactobacillus bulgaricus (2 × 108 CFU) | NA | NR | NA | twice a day | twice a day | 6 |
| Naito et al., 2018 (43) | Capsules | Capsules | Lactobacillus casei (108 CFU) | NA | 108 CFU | NR | once a day | once a day | 8 |
1
NA, not applicable; NR, not reported.
2
Fermented milk.
3
Nonfermented milk.
4
Kimchi and fermented soy-based condiments.