TABLE 6.
n, studies | n, participants | MD | (95% CI) | P value | In favor of | Tau-squared | I-squared | P value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fasting blood glucose | |||||||||
High risk of bias | 10 | 522 | −2.68 | (−5.75, 0.39) | 0.087 | — | 0.987 | 0.0 | 0.396 |
Not high risk of bias | 10 | 711 | −10.26 | (−18.23, −2.30) | 0.012 | Probiotics | 0.003 | 64.3 | |
Funded by industry | 11 | 615 | −2.99 | (−5.84, −0.14) | 0.040 | Probiotics | 0.713 | 0.0 | 0.501 |
Not funded by industry | 9 | 618 | −8.12 | (−15.76, −0.48) | 0.037 | Probiotics | 0.008 | 61.2 | |
T2DM | 15 | 977 | −9.14 | (−15.12, −3.17) | 0.003 | Probiotics | 0.062 | 38.9 | 0.081 |
Prediabetes | 2 | 153 | −2.54 | −5.45, 0.37) | 0.087 | — | 0.794 | 0.0 | |
Metabolic syndrome | 3 | 103 | −0.30 | (−6.14, 5.53) | 0.919 | — | 0.928 | 0.0 | |
FBG ≤ 130 mg/dL | 7 | 401 | −2.58 | (−4.99, −0.16) | 0.036 | Probiotics | 0.953 | 0.0 | 0.000 |
FBG > 130 mg/dL | 10 | 530 | −16.15 | (−24.62, −7.68) | 0.000 | Probiotics | 0.211 | 25.2 | |
Foods | 11 | 556 | −4.55 | (−8.97, −0.12) | 0.044 | Probiotics | 0.140 | 32.4 | 0.663 |
Capsules | 9 | 677 | −6.20 | (−12.64, 0.24) | 0.059 | — | 0.105 | 39.4 | |
Contained Bifidobacterium | 4 | 268 | −3.53 | (−7.42, 0.36) | 0.075 | — | 0.745 | 0.0 | 0.828 |
Do not contain Bifidobacterium | 6 | 296 | −7.12 | (−15.39, 1.15) | 0.091 | — | 0.024 | 61.3 | |
Received insulin therapy | 8 | 588 | −3.52 | (−8.50, 1.45) | 0.165 | — | 0.660 | 0.0 | 0.006 |
Did not received insulin therapy | 6 | 328 | −18.40 | (−30.20, −6.60) | 0.000 | Probiotics | 0.073 | 50.4 | |
Additional analysis: short- and long-term combination | 20 | 1233 | −4.95 | (−8.36, −1.54) | 0.004 | Probiotics | 0.080 | 32.6 | |
Glycated hemoglobin | |||||||||
High risk of bias | 5 | 318 | −0.16 | (−0.35, 0.03) | 0.098 | — | 0.009 | 70.2 | 0.923 |
Not high risk of bias | 6 | 485 | −0.17 | (−0.43, 0.08) | 0.182 | — | 0.025 | 61.0 | |
Funded by industry | 4 | 296 | −0.01 | (−0.17, 0.16) | 0.946 | — | 0.070 | 57.5 | 0.002 |
Not funded by industry | 7 | 507 | −0.29 | (−0.45, −0.12) | 0.001 | Probiotics | 0.148 | 36.8 | |
T2DM | 9 | 650 | −0.18 | (−0.38, 0.02) | 0.078 | — | 0.001 | 68.3 | 0.996 |
Prediabetes | 2 | 153 | −0.11 | (−0.23, −0.002) | 0.046 | Probiotics | 0.310 | 3.1 | |
FBG ≤ 130 mg/dL | 4 | 262 | −0.14 | (−0.34, 0.06) | 0.161 | — | 0.004 | 77.4 | 0.477 |
FBG > 130 mg/dL | 5 | 263 | −0.16 | (−0.42, 0.11) | 0.248 | — | 0.082 | 51.6 | |
Foods | 4 | 247 | −0.19 | (−0.46, 0.09) | 0.180 | — | 0.001 | 80.7 | 0.235 |
Capsules | 7 | 556 | −0.16 | (−0.32, −0.01) | 0.038 | Probiotics | 0.158 | 35.4 | |
Contained Bifidobacterium | 2 | 156 | −0.19 | (−0.35, −0.03) | 0.021 | Probiotics | 0.757 | 0.0 | 0.401 |
Did not contain Bifidobacterium | 2 | 138 | −0.12 | (−0.30, 0.06) | 0.180 | — | 0.264 | 19.9 | |
Received insulin therapy | 5 | 428 | −0.04 | (−0.28, 0.21) | 0.759 | — | 0.031 | 62.3 | 0.002 |
Not received insulin therapy | 4 | 222 | −0.34 | (−0.58, −0.11) | 0.004 | Probiotics | 0.170 | 40.3 | |
Additional analysis: short- and long-term combination | 11 | 803 | −0.16 | (−0.30, −0.02) | 0.023 | Probiotics | 0.003 | 61.9 |
FBG, fasting blood glucose; MD, mean difference; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.