TABLE 6.

Summary estimates on fasting blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin from subgroup analysis and additional analysis on probiotics versus placebo or no intervention comparison¹

	n, studies	n, participants	MD	(95% CI)	P value	In favor of	Tau-squared	I-squared	P value
Fasting blood glucose
High risk of bias	10	522	−2.68	(−5.75, 0.39)	0.087	—	0.987	0.0	0.396
Not high risk of bias	10	711	−10.26	(−18.23, −2.30)	0.012	Probiotics	0.003	64.3
Funded by industry	11	615	−2.99	(−5.84, −0.14)	0.040	Probiotics	0.713	0.0	0.501
Not funded by industry	9	618	−8.12	(−15.76, −0.48)	0.037	Probiotics	0.008	61.2
T2DM	15	977	−9.14	(−15.12, −3.17)	0.003	Probiotics	0.062	38.9	0.081
Prediabetes	2	153	−2.54	−5.45, 0.37)	0.087	—	0.794	0.0
Metabolic syndrome	3	103	−0.30	(−6.14, 5.53)	0.919	—	0.928	0.0
FBG ≤ 130 mg/dL	7	401	−2.58	(−4.99, −0.16)	0.036	Probiotics	0.953	0.0	0.000
FBG > 130 mg/dL	10	530	−16.15	(−24.62, −7.68)	0.000	Probiotics	0.211	25.2
Foods	11	556	−4.55	(−8.97, −0.12)	0.044	Probiotics	0.140	32.4	0.663
Capsules	9	677	−6.20	(−12.64, 0.24)	0.059	—	0.105	39.4
Contained Bifidobacterium	4	268	−3.53	(−7.42, 0.36)	0.075	—	0.745	0.0	0.828
Do not contain Bifidobacterium	6	296	−7.12	(−15.39, 1.15)	0.091	—	0.024	61.3
Received insulin therapy	8	588	−3.52	(−8.50, 1.45)	0.165	—	0.660	0.0	0.006
Did not received insulin therapy	6	328	−18.40	(−30.20, −6.60)	0.000	Probiotics	0.073	50.4
Additional analysis: short- and long-term combination	20	1233	−4.95	(−8.36, −1.54)	0.004	Probiotics	0.080	32.6
Glycated hemoglobin
High risk of bias	5	318	−0.16	(−0.35, 0.03)	0.098	—	0.009	70.2	0.923
Not high risk of bias	6	485	−0.17	(−0.43, 0.08)	0.182	—	0.025	61.0
Funded by industry	4	296	−0.01	(−0.17, 0.16)	0.946	—	0.070	57.5	0.002
Not funded by industry	7	507	−0.29	(−0.45, −0.12)	0.001	Probiotics	0.148	36.8
T2DM	9	650	−0.18	(−0.38, 0.02)	0.078	—	0.001	68.3	0.996
Prediabetes	2	153	−0.11	(−0.23, −0.002)	0.046	Probiotics	0.310	3.1
FBG ≤ 130 mg/dL	4	262	−0.14	(−0.34, 0.06)	0.161	—	0.004	77.4	0.477
FBG > 130 mg/dL	5	263	−0.16	(−0.42, 0.11)	0.248	—	0.082	51.6
Foods	4	247	−0.19	(−0.46, 0.09)	0.180	—	0.001	80.7	0.235
Capsules	7	556	−0.16	(−0.32, −0.01)	0.038	Probiotics	0.158	35.4
Contained Bifidobacterium	2	156	−0.19	(−0.35, −0.03)	0.021	Probiotics	0.757	0.0	0.401
Did not contain Bifidobacterium	2	138	−0.12	(−0.30, 0.06)	0.180	—	0.264	19.9
Received insulin therapy	5	428	−0.04	(−0.28, 0.21)	0.759	—	0.031	62.3	0.002
Not received insulin therapy	4	222	−0.34	(−0.58, −0.11)	0.004	Probiotics	0.170	40.3
Additional analysis: short- and long-term combination	11	803	−0.16	(−0.30, −0.02)	0.023	Probiotics	0.003	61.9

¹FBG, fasting blood glucose; MD, mean difference; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.