TABLE 1.
Included randomized controlled trial study characteristics of the impact of low AGEs diet on metabolic risk factors
| Study, year (reference) | Study design | Participants | Sample size, n | Intervention diet | Control diet | Duration | Dietary AGE content | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Harcourt et al., 2011 (27) | Crossover | Overweight men aged 18–50 y and BMI (in kg/m2) 26–39 | 11 | LAGE diet | HAGE diet | 2 wk | HAGE = 14,090, LAGE = 3302 kU AGE/d | Fasting blood sugar |
| Uribarri et al., 2011 (25) | Parallel | Type 2 diabetic patients | 18 randomised, 18 assessed: 12 LAGE and 6 HAGE diet | LAGE diet | HAGE diet | 4 mo | HAGE = >2 0, LAGE = <10 AGE Eq/d | Fasting blood sugarHbA1cFasting insulinHOMA-IR |
| Luévano-Contreras et al., 2013 (37) | Parallel | Type 2 diabetic patients | 34 randomised, 26 assessed: 13 HAGE and 13 LAGE diet | LAGE diet | HAGE diet | 6 wk | HAGE = 9910 ± 4164, LAGE = 8956 ± 3587 kU CML/d | Fasting blood sugarHbA1cFasting insulinHOMA-IRTriglyceridesHDL cholesterolTotal cholesterol |
| Mark et al., 2014 (26) | Parallel | Overweight women aged 20–50 y | 99 randomised, 74 assessed: 36 LAGE and 37 HAGE diet | LAGE diet | HAGE diet | 4 wk | HAGE = 24.6, LAGE = 10.7 mg CML/d | Fasting blood sugarWaist circumferenceFasting insulinHOMA-IRTriglyceridesHDL cholesterolLDL cholesterolTotal cholesterol |
| Macías-Cervantes et al., 2015 (33) | Parallel | Overweight men (BMI >25) aged 30–55 y | 75 randomized, 45 assessed: 15 in the diet plus exercise group, 14 in the exercise group, and 14 in the diet group | LAGE diet | HAGE diet | 12 wk | HAGE = 13,284 ± 4983, LAGE = 13,019 ± 4526 kU AGE/d | Fasting blood sugarWaist circumferenceTriglyceridesHDL cholesterolLDL cholesterolSystolic blood pressureDiastolic blood pressure |
| Tantalaki et al., 2014 (31) | Crossover | PCOS; age range: 18–40 y | 34 randomised, 23 assessed | LAGE diet | HAGE diet | 8 wk | HAGE = 1869.6 ± 114.6, LAGE = 1869.6 ± 114.6 kU AGE/d | Fasting blood sugarFasting insulinHOMA-IR |
| Di Pino et al., 2016 (36) | Parallel | Adults with prediabetes; age range: 35–65 y; BMI: 18.5–40 | 62 randomised, 57 assessed: 29 LAGE and 28 HAGE diet | LAGE diet | HAGE diet | 24 wk | NA | Fasting blood sugarHbA1cTriglyceridesHDL cholesterolLDL cholesterolTotal cholesterolSystolic blood pressureDiastolic blood pressure |
| Vlassara et al., 2016 (35) | Parallel | Obese subjects with metabolic syndrome aged ≥50 y | 138 randomised, 100 assessed: 51 LAGE and 49 HAGE diet | LAGE diet | HAGE diet | 48 wk | HAGE = 20 ± 11, LAGE = 7 ± 6 AGE Eq/d | Fasting blood sugarHbA1cWaist circumferenceFasting insulinHOMA-IRTriglyceridesHDL cholesterol |
| Cai et al., 2004 (29) | Parallel | Diabetic patients with normal lipid profile and renal function | 24 randomised: 11 HAGE and 13 LAGE | LAGE diet | HAGE diet | 6 wk | HAGE = 5 times higher than LAGE | Fasting blood sugarHbA1cTriglyceridesHDL cholesterolLDL cholesterolTotal cholesterol |
| Vlassara et al., 2002 (30) | Parallel | Diabetic subjects with good glycemic control and normal renal function | 11 for crossover and 13 for parallel trials (6 in HAGE and 7 in LAGE diet) | LAGE diet | HAGE diet | 6 wk | HAGE = 5 times higher than LAGE | Fasting blood sugarTriglyceridesHDL cholesterolLDL cholesterolTotal cholesterolSystolic blood pressureDiastolic blood pressure |
| Baye et al., 2017 (34) | Parallel | Overweight and obese otherwise healthy adults | 24 randomised: 11 HAGE and 13 LAGE | LAGE diet | HAGE diet | 2 wk | HAGE = 3 times higher than LAGE | TriglyceridesHDL cholesterolLDL cholesterolTotal cholesterolSystolic blood pressureDiastolic blood pressure |
| Semba et al., 2014 (32) | Parallel | Healthy adults aged 50–69 y | 24 randomised, 24 assessed: 12 in each group | LAGE diet | HAGE diet | 6 wk | HAGE = 4 times higher than LAGE | Fasting blood sugarTriglyceridesHDL cholesterolLDL cholesterolTotal cholesterol |
| Uribarri et al., 2014 (28) | Parallel | Healthy participants aged >60 y | 18 randomised, 18 assessed: 10 LAGE and 8 HAGE | LAGE diet | HAGE diet | 16 wk | HAGE = >1 5, LAGE = <10 AGE Eq/d | HOMA-IRTriglyceridesHDL cholesterolLDL cholesterol |
AGE, advanced glycation end product; CML, carboxymethyllysine; HAGE, high advanced glycation end product; LAGE, low advanced glycation end product; NA, not applicable; PCOS, polycystic ovary syndrome.