Table 1.
Pre- and post-weighting results using entropy balancing
| Weighting covariates | Details | Individuals with depression (n = 223) | Unmatched control group (n = 4540) | Matched control group (n = 223a) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic and socioeconomic covariates | |||||
| Age (mean) | Mean | 51.7 | 49.5 | 51.6 | |
| Sex (% female) | Male = 0, female = 1 | 68.2 | 48.9 | 68.0 | |
| Education level (%) | CASMIN classification | ||||
| Low | 32.7 | 28.5 | 32.8 | ||
| Middle | 50.7 | 50.9 | 50.6 | ||
| High | 16.6 | 20.6 | 16.6 | ||
| Income (€) | Mean (equivalent income) | 1408.6 | 1558.6 | 1406.2 | |
| Marital status (%) | |||||
| Married, living with partner | 52.5 | 65.0 | 52.5 | ||
| Married, separated from partner | 2.2 | 1.4 | 2.2 | ||
| Single | 24.2 | 23.8 | 24.2 | ||
| Divorced | 12.1 | 5.5 | 12.1 | ||
| Widowed | 9.0 | 4.3 | 9.0 | ||
| Community size (%) | |||||
| Rural | Inhabitants: < 5000 | 13.9 | 18.4 | 14.0 | |
| Small town | Inhabitants: 5000 to < 20,000 | 20.6 | 25.6 | 20.6 | |
| Mid-sized town | Inhabitants: 20,000 to < 100,000 | 27.4 | 29.1 | 27.3 | |
| Large town | Inhabitants: ≥ 100,000 | 38.1 | 26.9 | 38.1 | |
| Region (%) | Nielsen areas | ||||
| North-West | 13.9 | 12.6 | 13.9 | ||
| North Rhine-Westphalia | 18.8 | 18.5 | 18.8 | ||
| Central | 16.1 | 12.1 | 16.1 | ||
| East (North) | 16.1 | 17.4 | 16.1 | ||
| East (South) | 10.8 | 14.4 | 10.8 | ||
| Bavaria | 13.0 | 12.9 | 13.0 | ||
| Baden-Wuerttemberg | 11.2 | 12.0 | 11.2 | ||
| Physician density (%) | Physicians per 100,000 inhabitants | ||||
| Approximately 124 | 12.6 | 19.0 | 12.7 | ||
| Approximately 144 | 35.9 | 38.7 | 35.8 | ||
| Approximately 149 | 13.5 | 15.9 | 13.5 | ||
| Approximately 233 | 38.1 | 26.5 | 38.1 | ||
| Clinical covariates | |||||
| Health status and risk factors | |||||
| Recognized disability (%) | No = 0, yes = 1 | 29.2 | 12.1 | 29.1 | |
| Body-mass-index (mean) | kg/m2 | 28.0 | 26.7 | 27.9 | |
| Contraceptive pill use (%) | No = 0, yes = 1 | 56.5 | 38.5 | 56.4 | |
| Hearing aid (%) | No = 0, yes = 1 | 4.9 | 3.3 | 4.9 | |
| Physical activity (%) | 4 categories (sporting hours per week in the preceding 3 months) | 63.2 | 69.8 | 63.2 | |
| Smoker status (%) | No = 0, yes = 1 (including occasional smokers) | 32.3 | 25.5 | 32.3 | |
| Vision aid (%) | No = 0, yes = 1 | 82.5 | 74.6 | 82.4 | |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Arthrosis/degenerative joint disease (%) | No = 0, yes = 1 (lifetime prevalence) | 34.1 | 20.1 | 34.0 | |
| Bronchial asthma (%) | No = 0, yes = 1 (lifetime prevalence) | 9.9 | 7.4 | 9.9 | |
| Cancer (%) | No = 0, yes = 1 (lifetime prevalence) | 10.3 | 6.3 | 10.3 | |
| Chronic inflammatory bowel disease (%) | No = 0, yes = 1 (12-month prevalence) | 3.1 | 0.3 | 3.1 | |
| Diabetes (%) | No = 0, yes = 1 (lifetime prevalence) | 13.0 | 6.8 | 13.0 | |
| Epilepsy (%) | No = 0, yes = 1 (lifetime prevalence) | 3.1 | 1.0 | 3.1 | |
| Gastroduodenal ulcer (%) | No = 0, yes = 1 (12-month prevalence) | 1.8 | 0.4 | 1.8 | |
| Hepatic cirrhosis (%) | No = 0, yes = 1 (lifetime prevalence) | 0.9 | 0.2 | 0.9 | |
| Hepatitis (%) | No = 0, yes = 1 (lifetime prevalence) | 6.7 | 5.8 | 6.7 | |
| Hypertension (%) | No = 0, yes = 1 (lifetime prevalence) | 47.1 | 36.2 | 47.0 | |
| Injury/poisoning (%) | No = 0, yes = 1 (12-month prevalence) | 10.8 | 10.4 | 10.8 | |
| Joint pain (%) | No = 0, yes = 1 (12-month prevalence) | 77.6 | 53.5 | 77.5 | |
| Kidney failure (%) | No = 0, yes = 1 (lifetime prevalence) | 2.2 | 1.5 | 2.2 | |
| Migraine (%) | No = 0, yes = 1 (lifetime prevalence) | 23.3 | 10.1 | 23.3 | |
| Prostatic hyperplasia (%) | No = 0, yes = 1 (lifetime prevalence) | 7.6 | 7.9 | 7.6 | |
| Rheumatoid arthritis (%) | No = 0, yes = 1 (lifetime prevalence) | 4.5 | 2.3 | 4.5 | |
| Thyroid disease (%) | No = 0, yes = 1 (lifetime prevalence) | 33.2 | 23.1 | 33.1 | |
| Not specified other diseases (%) | No = 0, yes = 1 (current impairment/treatment) | 53.8 | 38.0 | 53.7 | |
CASMIN Comparative Analysis of Social Mobility in Industrial Nations
aN = 4540 observations in the control group were downweighted in order to match the group of individuals with depression