Table 2.
Estimated mean annual excess costs of individuals with medically diagnosed depression (12-month prevalence) compared to individuals without medically diagnosed depression (in Euro, 2019)
| Cost category | Depression (n = 223) | Control (n = 223)a | Excess costs | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | Absolute difference [95% CI] | P value | Relative differenceb [95% CI] | |
| Total costs | 9539 (890) | 4492 (287) | 5047 [3214–6880] | < 0.001 | 2.1 [1.7–2.7] |
| Direct costs | 4430 (557) | 2218 (145) | 2212 [1083–3341] | < 0.001 | 2.0 [1.5–2.6] |
| Outpatient costs | 1050 (68) | 552 (18) | 498 [360–636] | < 0.001 | 1.9 [1.6–2.2] |
| Physicians | 903 (61) | 438 (13) | 465 [342–588] | < 0.001 | 2.1 [1.8–2.4] |
| Psychiatrist/neurologist | 112 (17) | 10 (2) | 103 [69–136] | < 0.001 | 11.5 [7.5–7.7] |
| Psychotherapist | 338 (49) | 21 (5) | 317 [219–414] | < 0.001 | 16.2 [9.4–7.9] |
| General practitioner | 112 (8) | 83 (4) | 30 [13–47] | 0.001 | 1.4 [1.2–1.6] |
| Other physicians | 341 (21) | 325 (11) | 16 [− 31 to 63] | 0.501 | 1.0 [0.9–1.2] |
| Non-physicians | 113 (18) | 81 (7) | 32 [− 6 to 70] | 0.099 | 1.4 [1.0–2.0] |
| Outpatient clinicc | 26 (9) | 18 (3) | 8 [− 10 to 27] | 0.366 | 1.5 [0.7–3.0] |
| Outpatient rehabilitation | 7 (7) | 15 (3) | − 8 [− 23 to 7] | 0.308 | 0.5 [0.1–3.5] |
| Inpatient costs | 2461 (443) | 1116 (120) | 1345 [446–2244] | 0.003 | 2.2 [1.5–3.3] |
| Hospital | 2243 (438) | 958 (113) | 1285 [399–2172] | 0.004 | 2.3 [1.5–3.7] |
| Inpatient rehabilitation | 217 (61) | 158 (30) | 59 [− 74 to 192] | 0.381 | 1.4 [0.7–2.7] |
| Medication costs | 919 (306) | 550 (59) | 370 [− 241 to 980] | 0.235 | 1.7 [0.8–3.3] |
| Indirect costs | 5109 (618) | 2274 (192) | 2835 [1566–4103] | < 0.001 | 2.2 [1.7–3.0] |
| Early retirement | 2596 (483) | 911 (153) | 1686 [694–2678] | 0.001 | 2.9 [1.7–4.7] |
| Sick leave | 2512 (453) | 1363 (129) | 1149 [226–2072] | 0.015 | 1.8 [1.2–2.7] |
Weighted covariates using entropy balancing: age, sex, education, income, marital status, community size, region, physicians density, recognized disability, body mass index, contraceptive pill use, use of hearing aids, physical activity, smoker status, use of vision aids, arthrosis/degenerative joint disease, bronchial asthma, cancer, chronic inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes, epilepsy, gastroduodenal ulcer, hepatic cirrhosis, hepatitis, hypertension, injury/poisoning, joint pain, kidney failure, migraine, prostate hyperplasia, rheumatoid arthritis, thyroid disease, and not specified other diseases
CI confidence interval, SE robust standard error
aN = 4540 observations in the control group were downweighted in order to match the group of individuals with depression
bExponentiated coefficients and corresponding CIs
cHospital emergency or outpatients department or a medical treatment center without overnight stays