TABLE 2.
Table comparing markers of immune activation in nodding syndrome case with mild, moderate, and severe disease
| Marker | Plasma | CSF | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mild disease (n = 31) |
Moderate disease (n = 34) |
Severe disease (n = 89) |
P trend |
Mild disease (n = 31) |
Moderate disease (n = 34) |
Severe disease (n = 89) |
P trend | |
| Immune activation | ||||||||
| CXCL10, pg/mL | 68.32 (50.59, 121.2) | 64.85 (44.25, 86.81) | 71.47 (43.5, 106.7) | .84 | 112.0 (64.4, 172.70) | 103.6 (78.96, 214.7) | 82.22 (55.06, 143.6) | .08 |
| CCL2, pg/mL | 38.28 (22.01, 63.76) | 37.72 (21.24, 80.45) | 34.56 (21.24, 63.76) | .42 | 256.3 (221.1, 396.1) | 244.2 (176.1, 459.4) | 237.5 (166.9, 390.7) | .36 |
| CXCL13, pg/mL | 44.73 (24.31, 70.09) | 47.31 (25.29, 87.5) | 34.8 (25.13, 66.83 | .73 | 18.96 (15.43, 24.36) | 18.96 (15.43, 23.5) | 18.96 (14.48, 22.64) | .50 |
| CXCL9, pg/mL | 399.7 (399.7, 878.5) | 399.7 (399.7, 923.3) | 399.7 (399.7, 619.5) | .32 | ND | ND | ND | ‐ |
| CCL5(RANTES) ng/mL | 2.13 (1.94, 2.59) | 2.19 (1.80, 2.62) | 2.24 (1.60, 2.82) | .88 | ND | ND | ND | ‐ |
| IL‐10, pg/mL | 38.18 (29.8, 59.98) | 41.25 (33.99, 56.33) | 38.18 (20.79, 58.77) | .14 | 29.17 (24.59, 33.14) | 26.89 (24.05, 38.65) | 29.17 (24.39, 38.35) | .19 |
| IL‐4, pg/mL | 2.42 (2.42, 4.93) | 2.42 (2.42, 4.63) | 2.42 (2.42, 9.87) | .21 | 11.27 (8.02, 13.68) | 11.38 (8.54, 13.64) | 9.65 (7.23, 12.17) | .99 |
| IL‐13, pg/mL | 245.2 (245.2, 554.2) | 245.2 (245.2, 554.2) | 245.2 (245.2, 357) | .36 | ND | ND | ND | ‐ |
| APRIL, pg/ml | 149.7 (97.65, 256.8) | 184 (110.7, 267.3) | 163.3 (91.48, 230.9) | .87 | 45.66 (32.64, 60.87) | 41.29 (26.45, 53.42) | 36.99 (26.43, 50.08) | .06 |
| BAFF, pg/mL | 664.0 (570.1, 891.9) | 643.8 (553.4, 852.9) | 647.5 (568.5, 769.5) | .71 | 73.65 (58.85, 96.54) | 63.41 (49.72, 92.05) | 59.58 (47.98, 85.4) | .07 |
| MMP‐9, ng/mL | 0.87 (0.65, 1.53) | 1.16 (0.74, 1.52) | 1.05 (0.71, 1.50) | .71 | ND | ND | ND | ‐ |
| Neopterin, mmol/L | Not measured | Not measured | Not measured | ‐ | 2.268 (1.23, 3.90) | 2.715 (0.95, 4) | 2.84(1.43, 4.0) | .53 |
| Complement activation | ||||||||
| C5/C5a, ng/mL | 18.06 (11.54, 29.87) | 23.45 (16.69, 31.51) | 16.89 (11.33 29.50) | .47 | 14.90 (9.53, 21.31) | 14.68 (8.73, 18.96) | 11.99 (7.79, 19.37) | .14 |
| CRP, mg/L | 4.11 (0.88 ‐ 8.26) | 5.58 (2.15, 22.48) | 7.71 (4.02, 17.59) | .008 | 0.0029 (0.001, 0.003) | 0.0024 (0.001, 0.003) | 0.00214 (0.0008, 0.003) | 0.33 |
Data presented as median (IQR) and analyzed using a nonparametric test for trend.
Abbreviations: April, A proliferation‐inducing ligand; BAFF, B lymphocyte stimulator; C5/C5a, complement component; CCL2, chemokine (C‐C motif) ligand 2; CCL5 (RANTES), chemokine (C‐C motif) ligand 5 (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted); CRP, C‐reactive protein; CSF, cerebral spinal fluid; CXCL10, C‐X‐C motif chemokine 10/ interferon gamma‐induced protein 10; CXCL13, chemokine (C‐X‐C motif) ligand 13; CXCL9, chemokine (C‐X‐C motif) ligand 9; IL‐10, interleukin‐10; IL‐13, interleukin‐13; IL‐4, interleukin‐4; MMP‐9, matrix metallopeptidase 9; ND, not detected.