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. 2021 May 31;11:11335. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-90058-0

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Representation of the model assembly, from the bone model (yellow bones) to the muscle model (red paths) to the resulting simulation model, taking into account the transformations performed. The muscles (red) can be generated as paths closer to the real curves or just straight. Rotation around the red axis (x) represents protraction/retraction or flexion/extension, around the yellow axis (y) abduction/adduction, and around the green axis (z) axial rotation. The sub-figures were created using the software packages Amira⁵⁷ and OpenSim^28,29.