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. 2021 May 31;11:11319. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-90288-2

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Spatial expression of the PvTOR promoter in R. irregularis-inoculated transgenic P. vulgaris roots. (A–B) Histochemical GUS staining of (A) uninoculated and (B) R. irregularis-inoculated PvTOR_pro::GUS-GFP transgenic roots at 2 wpi. (C–E) Transmitted light and confocal images of PvTOR_pro::GUS-GFP transgenic roots at 2 dpi with R. irregularis showing (C) extraradical hyphae in contact with root epidermis, (D) induction of PvTOR_pro::GUS-GFP expression in the epidermal cells at the site of extraradical hyphal contact and (E) overlay image. (F–H) PvTOR_pro::GUS-GFP transgenic roots at 2 wpi with R. irregularis showing (F) extraradical hyphae on the root epidermis surface, (G) induction of PvTOR_pro::GUS-GFP expression in the root colonized by R. irregularis, and (H) overlay image. WGA Alexa Fluor 633 was used to stain (red) fungal cell walls. dpi, days post inoculation; wpi, week(s) post inoculation; e, epidermis; erh, extraradical hyphae.