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. 2021 May 31;11:11319. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-90288-2

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Arbuscular mycorrhizal phenotype of P. vulgaris PvTOR-RNAi roots colonized by R. irregularis. (A) The arbuscules in the cortex cells of the control transgenic roots are well developed. (B–C) Stunted arbuscules in the cortex cells of the PvTOR-RNAi transgenic roots at 1 wpi and 3 wpi, respectively. (D) Quantification of stunted arbuscules per transgenic control and PvTOR-RNAi roots at 3 wpi. The statistical significance of differences between control and PvTOR-RNAi roots was determined using an unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-test (***P < 0.001). Error bars refer to the SD of the mean of three biological replicates (n > 30 for D). a, arbuscule; ih, intercellular hyphae; sa, stunted arbuscule, iah, intracellular hyphae; wpi, week(s) post inoculation, Ri, R. irregularis.