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. 2021 May 31;11:11319. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-90288-2

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Expression of P. vulgaris AM regulatory genes in R. irregularis-inoculated transgenic roots. (A) RT-qPCR analysis of the transcript levels of CSSP genes and AM fungi induced TFs genes in control and PvTOR-RNAi transgenic roots at 1 wpi. (B) RT-qPCR analysis of the transcript levels of mycorrhizal-induced genes in control and PvTOR-RNAi transgenic roots at 1 wpi. (A & B) Quantitative RT-PCR was performed on cDNA of root RNA samples. The statistical significance of differences between mycorrhized roots of control and PvTOR-RNAi plants was determined using an unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-test (*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01). Error bars refer to the SE of the mean of three biological replicates (n > 9). CSSP, common symbiotic signaling pathway; AM, arbuscular mycorrhiza; TFs, transcription factors; wpi, week post inoculation.