Figure 3.

Association between Practice Network Structure and Health Outcome and Cost Panel A: For the entire study cohort (N=449,460). The results on type of practice with the reference group as MD only were estimated from the models with adjustment of subject characteristics listed in Supplemental Table S3, and region of practice. The results for edge density, degree centralization, and betweenness centralization were estimated from the models with adjustment of subject characteristics, type of practice and location of practice. The model for betweenness centralization only excluded subjects cared by practice with only 2 providers (N=348536). Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; CR, cost ratio; ER, emergency department; MD, primary care physician; NP, nurse practitioner; OR, odds ratio; PA, physician assistant. Panel B: For the sub-cohort of patient cared under the practices with NP involvement to show the association between role of NP and health outcome and cost (N=232900). The results on type of practice with the reference group as MD only were estimated from the models with adjustment of subject characteristics listed in Supplemental Table S3, and region of practice. The results for edge density, degree centralization, and betweenness centralization were estimated from the models with adjustment of subject characteristics, type of practice and location of practice. The model for betweenness centralization only excluded subjects cared by practice with only 2 providers (N=205689). Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; CR, cost ratio; ER, emergency department; MD, primary care physician; NP, nurse practitioner; OR, odds ratio; PA, physician assistant.