Table 2.
Health Outcomes and Cost Stratified by Type of Practice
| Outcome | All | Type of Practice |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MD only | MD/NP | MD/NP/PA | MD/PA | ||
| Number of subject | 449 460 | 155 565 | 144 300 | 88 600 | 60 995 |
| Health care, n(%) | |||||
| Hospitalization | 102 361 (22.8) | 35 394 (22.8) | 33 471 (23.2) | 20 200 (22.8) | 13 296 (21.8) |
| ER Admission | 76 739 (17.1) | 27 232 (17.5) | 24 756 (17.2) | 14 974 (16.9) | 9 777 (16.0) |
| PIMs, n(%) | |||||
| Criteria A§ | 56 976 (12.7) | 19 186 (12.3) | 18 789 (13.0) | 11 096 (12.5) | 7 905 (13.0) |
| Criteria B§ | 17 139 (3.8) | 5 972 (3.8) | 5 416 (3.8) | 3 318 (3.7) | 2 433 (4.0) |
| Criteria C§ | 7 230 (1.6) | 2 336 (1.5) | 2 364 (1.6) | 1 585 (1.8) | 945 (1.5) |
| Any | 75 989 (16.9) | 25 680 (16.5) | 24 810 (17.2) | 14 961 (16.9) | 10 538 (17.3) |
| Medicare cost, mean(SD) median (Q1-Q3) | |||||
| Professional service | |||||
| Primary care | 768.1 (1065) | 771.2 (1155) | 755.8 (1002) | 784.2 (962.9) | 766.0 (1113) |
| 560.1 (318.4-938.8) | 549.6 (304.0-939.3) | 551.4 (318.3-919.2) | 582.2 (335.7-964.7) | 573.9 (329.2-944.7) | |
| Specialists | 2179 (4660) | 2276 (4682) | 2072 (4347) | 2088 (4424) | 2317 (5558) |
| 1084 (386.8-2402) | 1147 (406.5-2527) | 1033 (369.5-2305) | 1037 (372.1-2291) | 1120 (404.3-2487) | |
| Other | 751.6 (1486) | 798.6 (1716) | 721.2 (1440) | 716.5 (1274) | 754.2 (1224) |
| 385.5 (121.4-944.5) | 408.3 (133.0-996.1) | 361.8 (107.9-903.1) | 375.8 (119.2-911.3) | 401.6 (133.4-962.7) | |
| Outpatient facilities | 2639 (6860) | 2566 (6718) | 2678 (7065) | 2697 (6581) | 2649 (7119) |
| 746.6 (153.9-2303) | 697.6 (142.1-2193) | 769.0 (168.8-2342) | 812.9 (165.3-2456) | 728.0 (135.8-2280) | |
| Hospitalization | 3378 (10339) | 3496 (10819) | 3305 (9832) | 3335 (10356) | 3310 (10229) |
| 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | |
| Other facilities | 459.9 (3613) | 455.0 (3682) | 501.1 (3766) | 422.1 (3360) | 430.2 (3416) |
| 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | |
| Total cost | 10 176 (17 566) | 10 363 (18 110) | 10 033 (17 212) | 10 043 (17 056) | 10 227 (17 713) |
| 3 988 (1 710-10 695) | 4 034 (1 728-10 739) | 3 906 (1 659-10 622) | 4 019 (1 735-10 774) | 4 024 (1 750-10 637) | |
Abbreviations: MD, primary care physician; NP, nurse practitioner; PA, physician assistant; PIM: potentially inappropriate medication; Q1, quartile 1; Q3, quartile 3; SD: standard deviation
§
Criteria A: high risk medication; Criteria B: high risk medication with days of supply > 90; Criteria C: high risk medication with dosage greater than average daily dose criteria