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. 2021 May 18;12:681477. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.681477

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Copyright © 2021 DeRango-Adem and Blay.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of apigenin. Apigenin is present in the diet in glycosylated forms found in nature (e.g., 7-O-glucoside, 6-C-glucoside or 8-C-glucoside). These glycosides are then metabolized by β-glucosidases in the stomach and small intestines to generate free apigenin (i.e., the aglycone form). Free apigenin can be directly absorbed systemically, or undergo downstream phase I and II metabolism in the small intestines and liver to generate hydroxylated metabolites such as luteolin, or glucuronidated and sulfonated metabolites. These metabolites enter four possible pathways: i) direct systemic absorption, ii) elimination (mostly via the urine, to a lesser extent the feces), iii) local enteric recycling, or iv) enterohepatic recycling via the bile. Denotes that molecules are subject to recycling through enteric and/or enterohepatic routes. Image adapted from (Thilakarathna and Rupasinghe, 2013).

Inline graphic — The absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of apigenin. Apigenin is present in the diet in glycosylated forms found in nature (e.g., 7-O-glucoside, 6-C-glucoside or 8-C-glucoside). These glycosides are then metabolized by β-glucosidases in the stomach and small intestines to generate free apigenin (i.e., the aglycone form). Free apigenin can be directly absorbed systemically, or undergo downstream phase I and II metabolism in the small intestines and liver to generate hydroxylated metabolites such as luteolin, or glucuronidated and sulfonated metabolites. These metabolites enter four possible pathways: i) direct systemic absorption, ii) elimination (mostly via the urine, to a lesser extent the feces), iii) local enteric recycling, or iv) enterohepatic recycling via the bile. Denotes that molecules are subject to recycling through enteric and/or enterohepatic routes. Image adapted from (Thilakarathna and Rupasinghe, 2013).