TABLE 4.

Concentrations of apigenin necessary to produce cellular responses in human cancer cells. A representative series of examples were taken from the literature cited in this review. The main experimental readouts are indicated, although studies included more detail. All targets are human cells, and in all cases involve a single dose of apigenin except for one example in which colony formation was evaluated over seven days and apigenin was added on a daily basis (Shan et al., 2017).

Study data source	Model	Readout of interest	Typical exposure time	Lowest effective concentration	EC50 or IC50
Wang et al. (2000)	Colorectal cancer cells	Cell cycle G2/M arrest	24–48h	30μmol/L	40–70μmol/L a
Horinaka et al. (2006)	Multiple cancer cell lines	Cell-surface DR5 (TRAILR2)	24h	20μmol/L b	−
Lefort and Blay (2011)	Colorectal cancer cells	Cell-surface CD26/DPP4	48h	1μmol/L	3–30μmol/L a
Oishi et al. (2013)	Prostate cancer cells	Mitochondrial ANT2	24h	20μmol/L b	−
Xu et al. (2016)	Colorectal cancer cells	Viability, proliferation, migration	48h	5μmol/L	18–24μmol/L a
Shan et al. (2017)	Colorectal cancer cells	Colony formation, survival	24h, 7d	10μmol/L	28–90μmol/L a
Wang and Zhao (2017)	Colorectal cancer cells	Cell growth, apoptosis	24–72h	40μmol/L	78–98μmol/L a
Maeda et al. (2018)	Colorectal cancer cells	Proliferation, apoptosis	48h	5μmol/L	∼15μmol/L b
Tong et al. (2019)	Colorectal cancer cells	Viability, EMT, migration	24h	10μmol/L	34–47μmol/L a
Lefort et al. (2020)	Colorectal cancer cells	Cell-surface CD26/DPP4	48h	3μmol/L	∼10μmol/L b

^aDepending on parameter measured.

^bEstimated from data provided.