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. 2021 May 18;12:668285. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.668285

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Copyright © 2021 Kato, Zhang, Mallari, Moody, Vincent, Melonakos, Siegmann, Nehs, Houle, Akeju and Solt.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Female rats are more sensitive to dexmedetomidine- and ketamine-induced unconsciousness than males. (A) Box-whisker plot of the time to emergence in male (blue) and female (magenta) rats after dexmedetomidine (50 μg/kg), followed by the listed drugs (plus signs = mean time to emergence, filled circle = individual data point). (B) Box-whisker plot of the time to emergence after ketamine (50 mg/kg), followed by the listed drugs (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001, Bonferroni post-hoc comparison; N.S. = not significant; blue asterisk = comparison between males, magenta asterisk = comparison between females, black asterisk = between male and female comparison).