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. 2021 May 31;11:11313. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-90608-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Schematic of experimental design and treatment description for the mesocosm experiment. Seawater chemistry parameters for each upwelling severity treatment are (L-R): reservoir 1—Current Day (blue), reservoir 2—Future 1 (green), reservoir 3—Future 2 (yellow), reservoir 4—Future 3 (orange). Both upwelling and non-upwelling event conditions regarding seawater parameters are listed in each corresponding reservoir, with upwelling on top and non-upwelling on the bottom. Colored bars located on the left side of each reservoir represent the duration of each upwelling and non-upwelling event in days. Lighter colors represent upwelling, and darker colors represent non-upwelling. Each reservoir delivered treated water to five randomly distributed replicate tanks. Each replicate tank housed four columns, each with one sea urchin, for a total of two kelp forest urchins and two urchin barren urchins (n = 10 urchins per treatment combination). The individual urchins in each column were completely separate from one another and could not interact physically, though the columns were perforated allowing treated water in each tank to intermingle among columns. See figure key for additional components of each replicate tank.