Peptide-2-mediated deterioration of renal function.A, representative Coomassie Brilliant Blue staining of urine samples after 8-week treatment and different amounts of BSA. The urine samples from mice were collected for 24 h (1 day), and the proteins in the samples were separated by SDS-PAGE. An arrowhead indicates urine albumin. B, summary graph of the amount of excreted albumin for 1 day in each group. C, confocal images of desmin and nephrin co-immunostaining in the glomeruli. Arrowheads indicate abnormal desmin deposition. D, summary graph of the percentage of desmin-positive areas per glomerulus. E, confocal images of CD31 and podocin co-immunostaining in the glomeruli. F, ultrastructures of the glomeruli observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Arrowheads indicate highly damaged podocyte foot processes. Scale bar: 20 μm (C and E) and 1 μm (F). In B, two-way ANOVA was applied for comparing the data between groups, and one-way ANOVA was applied for comparing the results at week 0 with those at other time points; in D, the data between the two groups were analyzed by Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. ∗p < 0.05 versus Control peptide; †p < 0.05 and ††p < 0.01 versus 0 week.