Table 5.

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) treatment parameters utilized in each included article ^a

	Frequency	Duty Cycle, s (on/off)	Ramp Time	Intensity	Pulse Duration	Waveform/Current	Electrode Size
Feil et al16
G1 b	50	5/10	2 s/1 s down	—	300-400 μs	—	G1 b : 10 × 20 cm, 3 × 18 cm, 10 × 7.5 cm, 7 × 14 cm
G2 c	50	10/20	1.5 s/1 s down	—	—	—	G2c: 4 × 70 mm round
Fitzgerald et al17	75	10/50	2 s up	MT	N/A	2.5 kHz triangular alternating burst	6.98 × 12.7 cm
Lieber et al38	50	10/20	2 s up	MT unadjusted d	250 μs	Asymmetrical balanced	—
Sisk et al70	40	10/30	0.5 s up	MT	300 μs	Rectangular waveform	5 × 10 cm
Stevens-Lapsley et al76	50	15/45	3 s up	MT	250 μs	Symmetrical biphasic	7.6 × 12.7 cm
Wigerstad-Lossing et al82	30	6/10	2 s up	MT (65-100 mA)	300 μs	Rectangular asymmetrical balanced biphasic	4 × 10 cm
Williams et al83	50	15/50	3.5 s up	MT	N/A	2.5 kHz sinusoidal alternating	—
Yoshida et al84
G1 f	100	10/20	—	MT e	1 ms	Symmetrical biphasic	5 × 9 cm
G2 g	100	Continuous	—	Sensory-level	1 ms	Symmetrical biphasic	5 × 9 cm

MT, maximal tolerance; N/A, not applicable.

^a“—” indicates information not provided.

^bFeil et al¹⁶: group 1 (G1): Kneehab NMES.

^cFeil et al¹⁶: group 2 (G2): Polystim NMES.

^dRequired to produce visible muscle contraction.

^eIntensity level was set to maximum toleration during the first treatment setup. This level was then utilized throughout the treatment sessions.

^fYoshida et al⁸⁴: group 1 (G1): motor-level NMES.

^gYoshida et al⁸⁴: group 2 (G2): sensory-level NMES.