Table 1.
Types of antibiotics used in large 1 broiler poultry farms in Kathmandu valley, Nepal (2019).
| Districts in Kathmandu Valley | p-Value 2 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kathmandu | Bhaktapur | Lalitpur | Total | ||||||
| n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | ||
| Total Farms | 13 | 9 | 8 | 30 | |||||
| Farms that used Antibiotics | 10 | (77) | 9 | (100) | 8 | (100) | 27 | (90) | |
| Total Grams of Antibiotics Used 3 | 22,000 | 17,000 | 11,000 | 50,000 | |||||
| Mean Grams per Chicken/45 Days (SD) | 0.6 | (0.5) | 0.6 | (0.2) | 0.4 | (0.4) | 0.5 | (0.3) | ≤0.01 |
| Antibiotics for Prophylaxis | 4 | (44) | 2 | (25) | 6 | (22) | |||
| Fluoroquinolones: Enrofloxacin | - | - | 1 | (11) | - | - | 1 | (4) | |
| Aminoglycosides: Gentamicin | - | - | - | - | 1 | (13) | 1 | (4) | |
| Combination: Neomycin+Doxycycline 4 | - | - | 3 | (33) | 1 | (13) | 4 | (15) | |
| Mean Grams per Chicken/45 Days(SD) | 0.7 | (0.1) | 0.5 | (0.2) | 0.7 | (0.1) | 0.2 | ||
| Antibiotics for treatment 5 | 10 | (100) | 5 | (56) | 6 | (75) | 21 | (78) | |
| Macrolides: Tylosin | 7 | (54) | 3 | (33) | 4 | (50) | 14 | (47) | |
| Polymyxin: Colistin Sulphate | 6 | (46) | 4 | (44) | 4 | (50) | 14 | (47) | |
| Sulphonamides | 1 | (8) | 4 | (44) | - | - | 5 | (17) | |
| Aminoglycosides: Gentamycin | 2 | (15) | - | - | 2 | (25) | 4 | (13) | |
| Fluoroquinolones: Enrofloxacin | 1 | (8) | 1 | (11) | 1 | (13) | 3 | (10) | |
| Fluoroquinolones: Ciprofloxacin | 1 | (8) | - | - | - | - | 1 | (3) | |
| Combination: Neomycin+Doxycycline 6 | 2 | (15) | 5 | (56) | 3 | (38) | 10 | (33) | |
| Mean Grams per Chicken/45 Days(SD) | 0.6 | (0.6) | 0.4 | (0.1) | 0.7 | (0.1) | 0.5 | (0.3) | 0.02 |
SD: Standard deviation; 1 Flock size greater than three thousand; 2 t-test for difference in means between 2 districts; 3 ANOVA for difference in means between 3 districts; 4 Total weight including active and inactive antibiotic ingredients; 5 Second-line antibiotic regimen (combination of aminoglycoside and tetracyclines); 6 Percentages in columns may be over 100% as farms used multiple antibiotics.